Results for "LENGTH"

1. Disorders of oestrous cycle of the bitch - abnormal estrous cycle length

Section 6.1: Inner product, length, and orthogonality

Experiment to measure the focal length of a concave mirror

Estrous cycles length

Solving for Side Lengths of Right Triangles

Breeding and Selection Breeding: the mating and production of offspring by animals. The activity of controlling the mating and production of offspring of animals Selection: the act of choosing something or someone from a group Geneus species of livestock European cattle- Bos taurus Zebu Cattle- Bos Indicus Swine- Sus Scrofa Sheep- Ovis Aries Horse- Equus Cabellus Goat- Capra Hircus Dog- Canis Familaris Cat- felis catus Principles of Breeding and Genetics Phenotype: the characteristic of an animal that can be seen or measured Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual (DNA) Phenotype= Genotype + Environment Genotype= phenotype - Envoromet Selection: differently producing what one wants in a herd. Allowing only certain mating to occur. Inheritance: transmission of genes from parents to offsprings Basic Cell Information Chromosomes: in the nucleus and contains genetic material Gene: an active area in the chromosome that codes for trait DNA: complex molecule of the chromosomes which is the coding mechanism of inheritance Gametogenesis: Process that the gonads produce cells that become gametes(ova and sperm) Spermatogenesis: production of sperm Oogenesis: production of egg or ova Meiosis- special type of nuclear division in which germ cells contain one member of each chromosomes pair Fertilization: when an egg and sperm unite from embryo Each contributes one chromosome per pair to new life Homosygous: an individual whose genes for a particular trait are identical or alike Heterozygous: individual who possesses unlike genes for particular trait Dominant: a gene that overpowers and prevents the expression of its recessive allele when the two alleles are present in a heterozygous individual Recessive: a gene that its expression is masked by dominant allele Allele: gene occupying corresponding loci on homologus chromosomes that affect the same trait What traits should one select? Only traits that contribute to productive efficiency and consumer acceptance are of economic importance Ex: reproduction, growth(pre-weaning, post weaning) Basis of Selection Appearance Genetic abnormalities Estimate carcas merit Fit standard for herd Reproduction record Individuals records Progeny testing Pedigree family Factors affecting genetic progress Selection differential Heritability Genetic interval Accuracy of records Genetic correlation Number of traits in selection program Things to remember about traits Heritability: amount of the phenotypic expression of a trait that is transmitted to offspring (enviroments have big effect) (h2) Heterosis: the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents Generation interval The average age of the parents when offsprings are born The shorter the generation interval, the faster the genetic interval Selection Methods Tandem Selection: Selection for one trait at a time Least effective: mattes rapid gain in a single trait, but is slow to reach selection goal involving several traits Independant culling: establishes minimum culling levels for each trait makes SLOWER gain for each trait, but reaches goals faster. Most effective when few traits are involved. Selection Index: each animal is rated numerically by combining performance of several traits into a single index New Mexico Ram Test Selection Index Index=12 + 40 (ADG) + 30(CWF) + SL - 12 (DIA) - o.5 (VAR) All variables expressed as ratio of individual to the average ADG= average daily grain CWF= clean wool fibers SL= staple length DIA= Fiber diameter VAR= difference between dide and Britch Breeding Systems Purebred breeder: develop breeding stock that pocessess the highest predictability for transmitting the most desirable inheritance possible purebred animal: meets the requiramnets of a recognized breed and whose ancestors are registered in the herd book of that breed Breed: race or variety of livestock where the members are related by descent and are similar Purebred breeders may use: Linecrossing: crossing different lines or unrelated animals of the same breed, it is also used as outcrossing for outbreeding systems. It results in an increased heterozygosity and heterosis (offspring will not breed true). Heterosis: increase in production in the offspring over average of parents. Inbreeding: mating of related individuals( sires and dams share at least one ancestor) results in a increase of homozygosisty Inbreeding coefficient: measures of how inbred an animal is( the probability two genes of a pair in an individual will be homozygous because they are replicates of a single ancestor gene Coefficient ranges from 0-1. 0=no change, 1=absolute certenity Increase inbreeding usually detrimental to: reproductive performance, pre-weaning growth, post-weaning growth, increase susceptibility to environmental stress Commercial Producers: make use of available genetic material in a manner to maximize production or give most efficient, rapid and economical prodyction possible Systems used by commercial producers Species crossing- how many result in nonfertile offsprings Crossbreeding- mating animals of different established breeds and takes advantage of complementary and heterosis(hybrid vigor) oucrossing/ linerarcrossing- mating of unrelated animals of same breed Grading up- making purebred sires to commercial grade females and their female offspring for several generations Most common species crosses Jack to mare= mule Stallion to jennet= hinny Zebu to european cattle= brangus cattle American bison to cattle= buffalo Cross breeding system- designed to maximize hybrid vigor(heterosis) and produce replacement females throught the rotation of different sire breeds Terminal Static crossbreding system Produces replacement females throught the rotation while taking advantage of producing crossbred offspring Also know as “terminal crossbreeding system” Replacament females can be purchased from or produced in separate population Composiste breeding system Combines desirable traits of two or more breeds of cattle into one package Composition must be carefully planed in order to achieve genetic merit Utilizes hybrid vigor without crossbreeding Systems of mating Determied by: type of facilities, breeding schedule, method of heat detection, genetic program, market target hand/Stud mating Purebred breeders use to control breeding Females are kept apart from the males until desire time of breeding, Horse, Rabbit and Poultry advantages prevents overse of particule sire certainity of mating and to which Sire can increase conception rate by 5-10%. Disadvantages increases labor estrus detection becomes a seven-day a week job Pen mating Males and females coexist throught the breeding seasons or year rounds Used mostly by commercial breeders advantages Minimum labor Heat detection is the responsibility of the sire disadvantages Uncertainty of mating and date of conception Uncertainty of infertile sires and of un-bred females May overwork sires Artificial Insemination referred as AI Process by which semen from male is placed into the reproduction tract of the female using mechanical means rather than by natural source advantages Decrease spreed fo disease Increase number of offspring from superior male Identifies the fertility of sire Reduces number of sires needed Allows mating of small females to larger males Genetic diversity disadvantages Requires trained level of management Increases time and supervision of the female herd for estrus detection Sire training Semen handling and special breeding facilities More costly Embryo transfer Removal of early pregnancy embryos from a genetically superior female and placement of these embryos into reproduction tract of a suitable recipient for gestation and parturition Reproduction defined: process by which animals produce offsrpings for the purpose of continuing the species. The process of reproduction begins with copulation, which is the mating of a male and female of the species Sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female reproduction tract and try to unite with an egg cell When fertilization( a sperm cell and an egg cell units) occurs, an embryo begins The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is protected, recieves nourishment, and develops When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation period, it is delivered from the female reproductive tract in a process called parturition

Aldabra Giant Tortoise Geochelone gigantea Description: Reaching up to 4 ft and over 700 lbs in size. Their shells range between light to dark brown with a visible neck plate that is not often found in other species of giant tortoises. Their necks are long and leathery to help adapt them to heat. Range: Seychelles (Aldabra Island) Habitat: Atoll islands-mangrove swamps, grasslands, and coastal dunes Diet: Largely herbivores, but may occasionally eat carrion or eggs if vegetable matter is not available. Weight: Males- 560 lbs; Females- 350 lbs Body Length: Second largest species of tortoise. Females can get up to 3 feet long, Males can be 4 feet long. Lifespan: Up to 100+ years Status: Vulnerable Predators: Giant Crab, Rats, Dogs, and Cats all prey on young tortoises, as well as compete for food. Threats: Habitat loss due to development, the introduction of nonnative predators (dogs, cats, rats) and livestock that compete for food (goats), and climate change, which leads to heightened sea levels and severe droughts. Relatives: They are a part of the Aldabrachelys genus, which is the taxonomic home of three giant tortoise species, two extinct species, and the extant Aldabra species. Breeding: Breeding season is from February to May. In courting, the male batters his shell against a female a dozen or more times and makes a deep, trumpeting call. The female buries 9 to 25 tennis-ball-sized eggs which incubate from 110 to 250 days. Reach sexual maturity between 20 to 30 years. Quick Facts: The GSC is home to two male Aldabra tortoises, Traveler and Jack. They may look a little different but that is because they have different shell morphotypes. This means that these two types of shells are adapted to a specific habitat. Aldabra tortoises with domed shells like Traveler are found in humid, cooler, and higher elevation habitats while saddlebacks like Jack are found in drier areas at a lower elevation. There are 3 extant subspecies of the Aldabra Tortoise: Aldabra giant tortoise (ours), Arnold’s giant tortoise, and the Seychelles giant tortoise. Daudin’s giant tortoise was the fourth subspecies but has been declared extinct. There are estimated to be over 150,000-200,000 individuals scattered about the Seychelles islands. It is believed that the oldest living giant tortoise is Jonathon, a 190-year-old Seychelle Giant Tortoise who was hatched around 1832 and resides on the Island of St. Helena in the British Overseas Territory. These tortoises can drink water through their nose, an adaptation that is useful in a mangrove environment. Despite their weight, these tortoises are able to stay afloat in water thanks to hollow honeycomb structures within their shell. In December of 2004, an Aldabra that had been washed away from the Seychelles made the 460-mile journey to the East African Shoreline (Tanzania). Aldabra tortoises are a keystone species that shape their habitat through seed dispersal. The closest relatives of the Aldabra tortoise are the tortoises of Madagascar. Scientists at the Galapagos Conservancy speculate that the ancestors of giant tortoises accidentally reached isolated islands by riding on rafts of plant matter. Conservation: Different species of giant tortoises were once found on a variety of equatorial islands. Unfortunately, over-collection for food by humans and the introduction of invasive species such as rats (which raid nests) and goats (which compete for food) drove all but 10 subspecies of Galapagos tortoises and 3 subspecies of Aldabra tortoises to extinction. It is important that these island ecosystems are carefully preserved as many are home to animals found nowhere else on Earth. Furthermore, Aldabra tortoises are helping to restore island ecosystems by being introduced to islands that have lost their native giant tortoise species. GSC Residents: Name: Traveler Date of Birth: ~December 2000 to December 2001 Sex: Male Origin: Donated from private owner October 13, 2005 Favorite Foods: Strawberries, tomatoes, bananas, watermelon Favorite Enrichment: shell scrubs Trained Behaviors: Target, scale, blood draw From the Keeper: He has a dome shell. This keeps Traveler from having the ability to reach up high like Jack can. Name: Jack Date of Birth: ~December 1989 to December 1990 Sex: Male Origin: Donated from private owner August 17, 2005 Favorite Foods: Tomatoes, strawberries, bananas, watermelon Favorite Enrichment: Shell scrubs Trained Behaviors: Target, scale, blood draw, station, color discrimination From the Keeper: He has a saddleback shell, which allows him to reach up farther for leaves and food. They can feel through the shells which are made up of keratin and bone. He is often mistaken for a rock or a statue for how still he stands at times. Facts about GSC Residents: Daily Schedule Fed main diet 3x a week, Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Fed browse every day. More active during the warmer weather. Will sleep, and browse throughout the day. Training Behaviors​ Due to the tortoises' immense size, we utilize several training behaviors to minimize stress on the animals and keepers. Our tortoises are target-trained, allowing us to direct them where we need them to go. Similarly, we are working with the tortoises on the Scale behavior, so that they will voluntarily walk up onto our scale for weighing. They are also working on foot/neck/poke behaviors. The foot behavior allows us to pick up their feet to see if they have any problems. The neck/poke behavior is for when we start drawing blood from their neck for health and wellness checks. Health History Sometimes get runny eyes due to dust, so we spray the ground with the hose to reduce dust. Favorite Story Jack is very sociable and loves to be scratched and rubbed. When we walk away, he will follow us wanting more

Metrical Lengths

Muscle Length Testing Exam Review

Muscle Length Testing Exam Review

Arc Length

Root Working Lengths and Tooth Discoloration

Know the relationship between molecular weight and rate of diffusion The rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the molecular weight Small weight-fast diffusion; heavy weight-slow diffusion Identify RBC’s in various solution and determine tonicity Tonicity - the ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the cell, and the cell will lose volume (shrink). A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, the cell will gain volume (bigger). If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, then solutes cannot cross the membrane, then the solution is hypotonic to the cell. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no set flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell’s volume will remain stable. If the solute concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, the solution is isotonic to the cell. Homeostatic feedback loop for respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature Respiratory Rate: Stimulus : The level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood increases (often due to exercise or hypoventilation) . Receptors: Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata, carotid arteries, and aortic arch detect changes in blood pH and CO2 levels Control Center: The medulla oblongata processes this information Effectors: Respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostal) adjust breathing rate and depth Response: Increased respiratory rate removes CO2 and increases O2 intake, restoring normal pH and gas levels. Heart Rate: Stimulus : Changes in blood pressure, O2, CO2, or pH levels Receptors: Baroreceptors (detect blood pressure changes) in the carotid sinus and aortic arch; chemoreceptors monitor blood chemistry Control Center: The medulla oblongata (cardiac center) processes signals Effectors : The autonomic nervous system (ANS) adjusts heart rate through the sympathetic nervous system (increases heart rate) or parasympathetic nervous system (decreases heart rate) Response : Heart rate increases during low O2 or low blood pressure (to circulate oxygen) and decreases when homeostasis is restored. Temperature Regulation Stimulus: Changes in body temperature (hyperthermia or hypothermia) Receptors: Thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect temperature fluctuations. Control Center: The hypothalamus processes this information and signals effectors Effectors and Responses: If too hot: Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) to release heat, and sweat glands produce sweat for cooling If too cold: Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to retain heat, and shivering generates warmth. Steps of a generic homeostatic feedback loop Stimulus : A change in the internal or external environment that disrupts homeostasis (eg. temperature change, pH levels, blood sugar levels) Sensor (Receptor) : Specialized cells or receptors detect the change and send information to the control center. Control Center (Integrator): Often the brain or endocrine glands, this component processes the information from the sensors and determines the appropriate response to restore balance. Effector: This component carries out the response to the stimulus as dictated by the control center. Effectors can be muscles or glands that help to counteract the change. Response: The action taken by the effectors to restore homeostasis. This could involve increasing or decreasing a physiological process (e.g. sweating to cool down or shivering to warm up) Feedback: The results of the response are monitored. If homeostasis is restored, the system maintains its state; if not, the loop may repeat, continuing to adjust until balance is achieved. How to evaluate data to determine the set point, error, and disturbance Identify the set point The set point is the optimal level or range that the system aims to maintain. To determine the set point: Gather baseline data: Collect data over a period to understand the normal range for the variable in question (e.g. body temp., BP, blood glucose levels) Analyze Trends: Look for patterns in the data to identify the average or median value that represents the stable condition of the system. Consult Literature: Reference established physiological norms or previous studies to confirm the typical set point for the variable. Assess Disturbance A disturbance is any factor or event that causes a deviation from the set point. To evaluate disturbances: Identify External and Internal Factors: Analyze the data for any external influences (e.g. environmental changes, dietary habits) or internal changes (e.g. illness, stress) that might have impacted the variable. Quantity Disturbance: Measure the magnitude and duration of the disturbance. This can be done by comparing the data points during the disturbance against the established set point. Monitor Changes: Track how the system responds to disturbances over time to assess their impact on maintaining homeostasis. WBC types and normal distribution values/ abnormal values and what those values indicate (infections/diseases) (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) Neutrophils (50-70%) - First responders to infections, especially bacterial. High levels indicate bacterial infections, inflammation, or stress. Low levels can indicate bone marrow disorders or severe infections. Lymphocytes (20-40%) - Include B cells and T cells, important for immunity. High levels can suggest viral infections or leukemia, while low levels might indicate immune deficiency. Monocytes (2-8%) - Help with cleaning up dead cells and fighting infections. High levels can be linked to chronic infections or autoimmune diseases. Eosinophils (1-4%) - Involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasites. Elevated levels may indicate allergies or parasitic infections. Basophils (0.5-1%) - Release histamine during allergic reactions. High levels might be see in allergic conditions or blood disorders. Normal WBC Count Total WBC Count: 4000-11000 cells per microliter of blood (varies slightly by lab) Leukocytosis (High WBC): Can indicate infection, inflammation, stress, or leukemia Leukopenia (Low WBC): Can result from bone marrow disorders, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases Neutrophils: Banded vs Segmented Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells and play a crucial role in fighting infections. They exist in different stages of maturation: Banded Neutrophils (“Bands”) - Immature Neutrophils Appearance: Have a curved, unsegmented nucleus (band-shaped) Normal Range: 0-6% of total WBC count (~0-700/uL) Clinical Significance: Increased Bands (Bandemia) -> Indicates an acute bacterial infection or severe stress (e.g. sepsis). The bone marrow releases immature neutrophils in response to infection. Low Bands -> Not clinically significant unless the total WBC count is low, which could suggest bone marrow suppression. Segmented Neutrophils (“Segs”) - Mature Neutrophils Appearance: Have a segmented nucleus with 2-5 lobes Normal Range: 50-70% of total WBC count (~2500-7000/uL) Clinical Significance: High Segs (Neutrophilia) -> Suggests bacterial infections, stress, chronic inflammation, or leukemia Low Segs (Neutropenia) ->Can be caused by viral infections, bone marrow disorders, chemotherapy, or autoimmune diseases. Discuss the stages of cell cycle/mitosis-which stages are longest/shortest The cell cycle is a series of events that cells go through to grow and divide. It consists of two main phases: Interphase (Longest Phase) – Preparation for division Mitosis (Shortest Phase) – Actual cell division Stages of the Cell Cycle Interphase (90% of the Cell Cycle – Longest Phase) Interphase is the period of cell growth and DNA replication. It has three subphases: G1 Phase (Gap 1) The cell grows, produces proteins, and prepares for DNA replication. Longest variable phase; some cells may stay here indefinitely (e.g., neurons in G0 phase). S Phase (Synthesis) DNA replication occurs, ensuring each daughter cell gets a complete genome. Takes about 6-8 hours in human cells. G2 Phase (Gap 2) The cell prepares for mitosis by producing proteins and organelles. Shorter than G1 but still significant in length. Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Know proportional and inversely proportional relationships Direct (Proportional) Relationship When two quantities increase or decrease together at a constant rate, they are directly proportional. Inversely Proportional When one variable increases, the other decreases proportionally. Know relationship between molecular weight and rate of diffusion The rate of diffusion of a substance is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. Lighter molecules diffuse faster Heavier molecules diffuse slower due to greater mass. Know relationship between filtration rate and pressure of fluid or weight of fluid Filtration rate is directly proportional to the pressure or weight of the fluid driving the filtration process. Higher pressure → Higher filtration rate Lower pressure → Lower filtration rate Know why men and women blood values are different The differences in blood values between men and women are due to biological, hormonal, and physiological factors

4- estimation of working length

PTHA 2301 Muscle Length Testing

[Module 8] Length of Confidence Interval and Appropriate Sample Size

APUSH President Review - Presidential Term Length

1. Functions of Muscles: • Movement: Muscles contract to produce movement in the body, such as walking, running, or even facial expressions. • Posture and Stability: Muscles help maintain posture and stabilize joints, preventing falls or loss of balance. • Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, which is vital for maintaining body temperature. • Protection of Internal Organs: Muscles, particularly in the abdominal region, protect internal organs from injury. • Circulation of Blood and Lymph: Cardiac and smooth muscles play roles in circulating blood and lymph throughout the body. 2. Characteristics of Muscles: • Excitability (Responsiveness): Muscles can respond to stimuli (like nerve signals). • Contractility: Muscles can contract or shorten when stimulated. • Extensibility: Muscles can be stretched without damage. • Elasticity: Muscles can return to their original shape after being stretched or contracted. 3. Locations of Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscle: • Smooth Muscle: Found in walls of internal organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, blood vessels). • Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart. • Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements. 4. Events of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 1. Nerve Impulse: A signal is sent from a motor neuron to the muscle. 2. Release of Acetylcholine: The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction. 3. Muscle Fiber Activation: Acetylcholine stimulates muscle fibers, causing an action potential. 4. Calcium Release: The action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Cross-Bridge Formation: Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, which allows myosin heads to attach to actin. 6. Power Stroke: Myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, causing the muscle to contract. 7. Relaxation: ATP breaks the cross-bridge, and the muscle relaxes when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Isometric vs. Isotonic Contractions: • Isometric Contraction: The muscle generates tension without changing its length (e.g., holding a weight in a fixed position). • Isotonic Contraction: The muscle changes length while generating tension (e.g., lifting a weight). 6. Primary Functions of the Skeletal System: • Support: Provides structural support for the body. • Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lungs). • Movement: Works with muscles to allow movement. • Mineral Storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus. • Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces blood cells. • Energy Storage: Fat is stored in bone cavities. 7. Parts of a Long Bone: • Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone. • Epiphysis: The ends of the bone. • Metaphysis: Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis. • Medullary Cavity: Hollow cavity inside the diaphysis, containing bone marrow. • Periosteum: Outer membrane covering the bone. • Endosteum: Inner lining of the medullary cavity. 8. Inner and Outer Connective Tissue Linings of a Bone: • Outer: Periosteum. • Inner: Endosteum. 9. Structure of a Flat Bone: • Compact Bone: Dense bone found on the outside. • Spongy Bone: Lighter, less dense bone found inside, filled with red or yellow marrow. • No medullary cavity (unlike long bones). 10. Parts of the Osteon: • Central Canal (Haversian Canal): Contains blood vessels and nerves. • Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix surrounding the central canal. • Lacunae: Small spaces containing osteocytes (bone cells). • Canaliculi: Small channels that connect lacunae and allow for nutrient exchange. 11. How Calcitonin, Calcitriol, and PTH Affect Blood Calcium: • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity (bone resorption). • Calcitriol: Increases blood calcium by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines and bone resorption. • PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. 12. Two Forms of Ossification: • Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue (e.g., flat bones of the skull). • Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces a cartilage model (e.g., long bones). 13. Difference Between Appositional and Interstitial Growth: • Appositional Growth: Increase in bone diameter (growth at the surface). • Interstitial Growth: Increase in bone length (growth from within). 14. Different Joint Types: • Fibrous Joints: Connected by fibrous tissue (e.g., sutures of the skull). • Cartilaginous Joints: Connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs). • Synovial Joints: Have a fluid-filled joint cavity (e.g., knee, elbow). 15. Components of a Synovial Joint: • Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones. • Synovial Membrane: Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid. • Joint Capsule: Surrounds the joint, providing stability. • Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones. • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joint. 16. Hinge Joint Location: • Found in the elbow and knee. 17. Pivot Joint Location: • Found between the first and second cervical vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint). 18. Difference Between a Tendon and a Ligament: • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone. • Ligament: Connects bone to bone. 19. What is a Bursa? • A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction and cushions pressure points between the skin and bones or muscles and bones. 20. Three Types of Arthritis: • Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, often due to wear and tear. • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease causing inflammation in joints. • Gout: Caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. 21. Strain vs. Sprain: • A strain is damage to a muscle or tendon, whereas a sprain is damage to a ligament

10- The relativity of length

Wave Lengths