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-long and short vowels
the sound length of all English vowels varies very much according to their contexts, as explained in pre-fortis clipping.
short vowels:
e, æ, ʌ, ʊ, ɒ, ə, ɪ
long vowels
iː, ɜː, A:, O:, uː
Distribution of the sounds
plays role in determining vowel length, which is influenced syllable structure, stress patterns, phonetic environment, etc.
E. vowels tend to be longer in stressed
Pre-fortis clipping
when a stressed vowel is followed by a voiceless consonant within the same syllable
the length of that vowel is considerably reduced.
Voiceless consonants
p, t, k, f, s, tf, θ
Voiced
= normal length
voiceless
= much shorter