Studied by 1 personwho were the FIRST people to discover North America
40,000 years ago people crossed from asia via a land/ice bridge (connected Asia and Siberia) evolved into hundreds of native tribes
3 FIRST early highly developed tribes
Mayas in P.D. Guatemala, Aztecs in Central Mexico, Incas in Peru
Very successful - diet, organizations, empires
North American Culture
vast amounts of languages, smaller population, less advanced/complex, great cultivation (mexican cultivation spread northward), men made tools and hunted, women planted and gathered
southwest settlers
dry region, P.D. New Mexico, Arizona tribes - Anasazi, Pueblos, Hohokam overcame dryness with irrigation systems
northwestern settlers
P.D. Alaska, California long houses, plank houses, hunting, fishing, nuts, berries, large totem poles! natural barriers (mountains)
great plain settlers
nomadic group, moved on horses, hunted the buffalo and bison, supplies food, clothes, etc.
midwest settlers
rich food supply, hunting, fishing, agriculture tribe Cahokia
northeast settlements
hunting and farming, Iroquois confederation - 5 tribes powerful politival union
why did Europe want to explore
god, gold, glory
what allowed for exploration
new technology
compass
caravel
astrolabe
Issue with trade rout
The silk road made prices of silk, gold, other goods, very high so they wanted to find a new passage to asia (ended up finding NA instead)
Chris Columbus
Attempted to reach asia by sailing west but ended up discovering new world. Funed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Spain. Brutal actions towards Natives.
Columbian Exchange
exchange, of plants, animals, good between Europe and NA, also trade of slaves across the Atlantic. Trade of diseases
Treaty of Tordesillas
line splitting north america for spain and portugal
spanish conquests
herman cortez - aztecs pizarro - incas
Conquisadoras
spanish explorers who seized land from natives, sent board filled with gold, silver, and minerals back to Europe
Encomienda system
Hierarchy to make Indians work under Spanish people, forced labor
First Engligh settlement
Roanoke - fail
French claims
samuel de champlin @ Quebec
Dutch claims
henry hudson @ hudson river & NY became New Amsterdam
Spanish settlements
Florida San Augustine, Santa Fe New Mexico, Texas, California missions to convert by fathher Junipero Serra
Spanish rule in early america
Harsh rule, considered people from NA to be weak and inferior, took over aztecs and incas, disease killed thousands, forced labor, encomienda
Bartolome de Las Casas
fought against encominda system, black legend
English policy
sometimes they beenfited each other (3 sis farming), intermarried with each other, however they considered them inferior
French policy
made the allies, good relationship, good for trade, furs, beavers pelts allied w huron against Iroquois
Native American reaction
shock, some tried to fight back, some tried to create allies, some tried to move away
Pueblos
a name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US Pueblos were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people
joint stock company
allowed people to pool their money together and allowed them to raise money for exploration
pueblos
Tribe that was located in the Southwest who lived in apartment like structures
Agricultural Revolution
humans began to grow crops
Mississipian Culture
centered in the southern Mississippi River. Flourished between 900-1350.Beans, corn and squash. Built towns around plazas. Trade system. Climate and disease
middle ground
A borderland between European empires and Indian sovereignty where various native peoples and Europeans lived side by side in relative harmony.
beaver wars
series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region
reconquista
Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim occupiers.
Henry the Navigator
Portugal's prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration;
fuedalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service
feudalism -> capitalism
caste system, hierarcy
Mestizo - spanishxenglish Creoles - blackxenglish - born in new world Peninsulares - spanish born in new world Mullatos -whitexblack Metic - europeanxindian
Slave trade
portugal and british dominated
most slaves went to carribeans or SA
black legend, Valladolid debate
black legend - idea that spaniards were only doing things for their own gain Valladolid debate - moral debate over treatment of indigenous
patroons
to get people to move there, 50 people = land
Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries that attempted to convert the Indians to Catholicism
Franciscans
Spanish religious converters
how were the english colonies established
identity and authority from a charter
types of colonies
corporate - jont-stock (EX; Jamestown) royal - under the authority of King proprietary - under authority of individuals granted charters by the kingjoint
first successful english colony
Jamestown, Virgina - king james 1 chartered Virginia company, joint-stock company,
Early problems - location: swampy -> causes diseases people's intentions were too invested in gaining money that they didn't have enough food to eat, conflicts between english and natives (powhatan)
Solution: John Smith! John rolfe and Pcahontas got married. Rolfe developed tobacco - cash crop! Because of all the hardhsip w virgina company, it was turned to a royal colony
Pilgrims vs Puritans
pilgrims were puritan seperatists
The Plymouth Colony
radical dissenters left England to escape religious persecution, 100 pilgrims came over on the mayflower, arrived in plymouth instead of virginia
early hardships - hard winter, made allies with natives on thanksgiving
natives helped them learn 3 sister farming, fish head
Massachusetts Bay colony
moderate dissenters wanted reform, escaped religious persecution, sought religious freedom, puritan founded, thousands of puritans to Boston
city upon a hill - john winthrop
Great Migration
thousands of purtians lead by john winthrop, 15,000 more settlers!
House of Burgesses
The first representative assembly in the new world, virginia company. elected leaders
mayflower compact
document to establish themselves, practice self-government, pledged all desicions be for the majority
maryland colony
lord baltimore, split virginia colony, safe haven for fellow catholics
hypocracy - preached free relgion and tolerance but the overwhelming pop of christians made people who denied the divinity of jesus "bad" - made them justified to be killed
indentured servents
Exchanged work for passage to the New World.
head right system
the system by which whoever paid for the passage of a laborer acquired 50 acres of land - virginia
bacons rebellion
sir william berkeley failed to protest small farms in virginia so bacon retaliated. he burned down the jamestown settlement
after indentured servents became free they had nowhere to go
ignited 2 problems
sharp class differences
colonial resistance to royal control
Rhode Island
roger williams went to boston but he had different ideas and was banished. allowed catholics, quakers, jews to worship freely. first baprist church.
And anne hutchinson also had different ideas and started portsmouth near providence
Connecticut
Thomas hooker led puritans to connecticut - colony of hartford first ever consitiuation - orders of connecticut
new hampshire
last colony, royal colony
halfway covenant
A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.
new england conferderation
plymouth, massachusetts bay, onnecticut, new haven 2 reps from each formed army
king phillips war
king phillip = metacom wampanoags vs NE over colonists constantly encroaching on indian rerriotry NE colonists won
purpose of carolinas
restoration colony
South Carolina
economy - fur trade, plantations w slaves
North Carolina
small self sufficent tobacco farms
New York
compelled dutch to give up new Amsterdam king granted his brother, duke of york, the land
nj colony
nj was split in 2 lord berkley religious freedom 2 jerseys - combined in 2
quakers
Religious Society of Friends men=women william penn (pennsylvania)
Georgia
last colony, buffer between carolinas and Spanish threats
Opechancanough's uprising
conflict with the English. English took his land. Powhatan's brother - Pocahontas's daughter (dies during her trip to Europe).
Cotton Mather
minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem
James Ogthethorpes
Georgia -help debtors by banning gambling, alcohol and slavery
Stono Rebellion
largest slave rebellion. They tried to get to Florida from freedom, but the militia came and killed many of them. After the Stono rebellion, they passed higher slave codes, slavery becomes more strict, limit how they can interact with each other, do not teach them how to read, more punishments, control gets tighter.
mercantalism
Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth
pie of wealth - limited $$$
goal to become self sufficent, provide raw materials, enrich the mother country
navigation acts
trade to and from the colonies ONLY by english ships
all goods imported into the colonies through english ports
goods can only be imported to England
impact - caused NE shipbuilding economy to go up, chesapeak tobacco monopoly, BUT severely limited manufacturing, high prices
enforcement of navigation acts
salutory neglect, lax with rules lots of corruption mass bay charter revoked as it was the highest amount of smuggling
dominion of NE
appointed by James II to raise $ and combined the great colonies of NE under rule of Sir Edmund Andros
very unpopular
caused glorious revolution
Glorious Revolution
James II replaced by Mary and William, reestablished original charters
institution of slavery
triangular trade demand of slaves up cheap labor, dependable workforce, reduced migration
chattal slavery - run in the families, inherited racism and slavery became a key part of society
triangular trade
royal african company, awful travel conditions (middle passage), africa, NE, west indies
covenant chain
An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies
Anglo-Powhatan War
Jamestown vs Powhatan Confederacy peace -marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe
Pequot War
1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.
Yamasee War
war between the South Carolina settlers and the local natives who did not like being used for slavery and threatened for their land
Odauah Equiano
enslaved person who learned to read and write and wrote what happened on the middle passage
great awakening
old lights wanted rationalism, intelect new lights wanted to go back to spiritual life, create more branches of christianity
famouse new lights
George Whitefield - toured the colonies and gave sermons Jonathan Edwards - new light minister in new england - famous sermon "sinners in the hands of an angry god", started the great awakening
Anglicanization
became more like England -Political systems and laws were based on English models - same trial by jury, punishments, assembly, etc. -English Legal traditions Most business is with English because of the Navigation Acts - same clothes, same tools Transatlantic print culture - books, articles, we have the same cultural experience Same language - English IMPORTANT - although they disagreed many times, they wanted to be treated like Brits and over time distrust grew
Enlightenment
human self worth up
Literacy
increased bc ppl wanted to read bible
Poor Richard's Almanac
Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice
Zenger Case
tried for being against government HOWEVER since it was true, it was legal!
Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763.
effects - supremacy of England in North America
Albany plan of union
"join or die" - ben franklin
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
Proclomation Line of 1763
Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and those who were already there had to return east. The British imposed this to not anger the Native Americans. This built resentment among the colonies.
Sugar Act 1764
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
Cut the taxes in half but enforced them
Expanded taxable items to include wines, cloth, coffee, tropical food, silk
Closer supervision on American merchant exports
Quartering Act 1765
provide food and living quarters in the colonies
Stamp Act
1765; law by George grenville that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
led to resentment, boycotts, protests in newspapers
violent protest was effective
Formation of sons and daughters of liberty
stamp act worked against the crown violent but effective
declaratory act
Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."
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