Apush midterms

who were the FIRST people to discover North America

40,000 years ago people crossed from asia via a land/ice bridge (connected Asia and Siberia) evolved into hundreds of native tribes

3 FIRST early highly developed tribes

Mayas in P.D. Guatemala, Aztecs in Central Mexico, Incas in Peru

Very successful - diet, organizations, empires

North American Culture

vast amounts of languages, smaller population, less advanced/complex, great cultivation (mexican cultivation spread northward), men made tools and hunted, women planted and gathered

southwest settlers

dry region, P.D. New Mexico, Arizona
tribes - Anasazi, Pueblos, Hohokam
overcame dryness with irrigation systems

northwestern settlers

P.D. Alaska, California
long houses, plank houses, hunting, fishing, nuts, berries, large totem poles! natural barriers (mountains)

great plain settlers

nomadic group, moved on horses, hunted the buffalo and bison, supplies food, clothes, etc.

midwest settlers

rich food supply, hunting, fishing, agriculture
tribe Cahokia

northeast settlements

hunting and farming,
Iroquois confederation - 5 tribes powerful politival union

why did Europe want to explore

god, gold, glory

what allowed for exploration

new technology
- compass
- caravel
- astrolabe

Issue with trade rout

The silk road made prices of silk, gold, other goods, very high so they wanted to find a new passage to asia (ended up finding NA instead)

Chris Columbus

Attempted to reach asia by sailing west but ended up discovering new world. Funed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Spain. Brutal actions towards Natives.

Columbian Exchange

exchange, of plants, animals, good between Europe and NA, also trade of slaves across the Atlantic. Trade of diseases

Treaty of Tordesillas

line splitting north america for spain and portugal

spanish conquests

herman cortez - aztecs
pizarro - incas

Conquisadoras

spanish explorers who seized land from natives, sent board filled with gold, silver, and minerals back to Europe

Encomienda system

Hierarchy to make Indians work under Spanish people, forced labor

First Engligh settlement

Roanoke - fail

French claims

samuel de champlin @ Quebec

Dutch claims

henry hudson @ hudson river & NY became New Amsterdam

Spanish settlements

Florida San Augustine, Santa Fe New Mexico, Texas, California
missions to convert by fathher Junipero Serra

Spanish rule in early america

Harsh rule, considered people from NA to be weak and inferior, took over aztecs and incas, disease killed thousands, forced labor, encomienda

Bartolome de Las Casas

fought against encominda system, black legend

English policy

sometimes they beenfited each other (3 sis farming), intermarried with each other, however they considered them inferior

French policy

made the allies, good relationship, good for trade, furs, beavers pelts
allied w huron against Iroquois

Native American reaction

shock, some tried to fight back, some tried to create allies, some tried to move away

Pueblos

a name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US Pueblos were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people

joint stock company

allowed people to pool their money together and allowed them to raise money for exploration

pueblos

Tribe that was located in the Southwest who lived in apartment like structures

Agricultural Revolution

humans began to grow crops

Mississipian Culture

centered in the southern Mississippi River. Flourished between 900-1350.Beans, corn and squash. Built towns around plazas. Trade system. Climate and disease

middle ground

A borderland between European empires and Indian sovereignty where various native peoples and Europeans lived side by side in relative harmony.

beaver wars

series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region

reconquista

Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim occupiers.

Henry the Navigator

Portugal's prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration;

fuedalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service

feudalism -\> capitalism

caste system, hierarcy

Mestizo - spanishxenglish
Creoles - blackxenglish - born in new world
Peninsulares - spanish born in new world
Mullatos -whitexblack
Metic - europeanxindian

Slave trade

- portugal and british dominated
- most slaves went to carribeans or SA

black legend, Valladolid debate

black legend - idea that spaniards were only doing things for their own gain
Valladolid debate - moral debate over treatment of indigenous

patroons

to get people to move there, 50 people \= land

Jesuits

French Catholic missionaries that attempted to convert the Indians to Catholicism

Franciscans

Spanish religious converters

how were the english colonies established

identity and authority from a charter

types of colonies

corporate - jont-stock (EX; Jamestown)
royal - under the authority of King
proprietary - under authority of individuals granted charters by the kingjoint

first successful english colony

Jamestown, Virgina - king james 1 chartered Virginia company, joint-stock company,

Early problems - location: swampy -\> causes diseases
people's intentions were too invested in gaining money that they didn't have enough food to eat, conflicts between english and natives (powhatan)

Solution: John Smith! John rolfe and Pcahontas got married. Rolfe developed tobacco - cash crop!
Because of all the hardhsip w virgina company, it was turned to a royal colony

Pilgrims vs Puritans

pilgrims were puritan seperatists

The Plymouth Colony

radical dissenters left England to escape religious persecution, 100 pilgrims came over on the mayflower, arrived in plymouth instead of virginia

early hardships - hard winter, made allies with natives on thanksgiving

natives helped them learn 3 sister farming, fish head

Massachusetts Bay colony

moderate dissenters wanted reform, escaped religious persecution, sought religious freedom, puritan founded, thousands of puritans to Boston

city upon a hill - john winthrop

Great Migration

thousands of purtians lead by john winthrop, 15,000 more settlers!

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world, virginia company. elected leaders

mayflower compact

document to establish themselves, practice self-government, pledged all desicions be for the majority

maryland colony

lord baltimore, split virginia colony, safe haven for fellow catholics

hypocracy - preached free relgion and tolerance but the overwhelming pop of christians made people who denied the divinity of jesus "bad" - made them justified to be killed

indentured servents

Exchanged work for passage to the New World.

head right system

the system by which whoever paid for the passage of a laborer acquired 50 acres of land - virginia

bacons rebellion

sir william berkeley failed to protest small farms in virginia so bacon retaliated. he burned down the jamestown settlement

after indentured servents became free they had nowhere to go

ignited 2 problems
1. sharp class differences
2. colonial resistance to royal control

Rhode Island

roger williams went to boston but he had different ideas and was banished. allowed catholics, quakers, jews to worship freely. first baprist church.

And anne hutchinson also had different ideas and started portsmouth near providence

Connecticut

Thomas hooker led puritans to connecticut - colony of hartford
first ever consitiuation - orders of connecticut

new hampshire

last colony, royal colony

halfway covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

new england conferderation

plymouth, massachusetts bay, onnecticut, new haven
2 reps from each
formed army

king phillips war

king phillip \= metacom
wampanoags vs NE over colonists constantly encroaching on indian rerriotry
NE colonists won

purpose of carolinas

restoration colony

South Carolina

economy - fur trade, plantations w slaves

North Carolina

small self sufficent tobacco farms

New York

compelled dutch to give up new Amsterdam
king granted his brother, duke of york, the land

nj colony

nj was split in 2 lord berkley religious freedom 2 jerseys - combined in 2

quakers

Religious Society of Friends
men\=women
william penn (pennsylvania)

Georgia

last colony, buffer between carolinas and Spanish threats

Opechancanough's uprising

conflict with the English. English took his land. Powhatan's brother - Pocahontas's daughter (dies during her trip to Europe).

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

James Ogthethorpes

Georgia -help debtors by banning gambling, alcohol and slavery

Stono Rebellion

largest slave rebellion. They tried to get to Florida from freedom, but the militia came and killed many of them. After the Stono rebellion, they passed higher slave codes, slavery becomes more strict, limit how they can interact with each other, do not teach them how to read, more punishments, control gets tighter.

mercantalism

Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth

pie of wealth - limited $$$

goal to become self sufficent, provide raw materials, enrich the mother country

navigation acts

1. trade to and from the colonies ONLY by english ships
2. all goods imported into the colonies through english ports
3. goods can only be imported to England

impact - caused NE shipbuilding economy to go up, chesapeak tobacco monopoly, BUT severely limited manufacturing, high prices

enforcement of navigation acts

salutory neglect, lax with rules
lots of corruption
mass bay charter revoked as it was the highest amount of smuggling

dominion of NE

appointed by James II to raise $ and combined the great colonies of NE under rule of Sir Edmund Andros

very unpopular

caused glorious revolution

Glorious Revolution

James II replaced by Mary and William, reestablished original charters

institution of slavery

triangular trade
demand of slaves up
cheap labor, dependable workforce, reduced migration

chattal slavery - run in the families, inherited
racism and slavery became a key part of society

triangular trade

royal african company, awful travel conditions (middle passage), africa, NE, west indies

covenant chain

An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies

Anglo-Powhatan War

Jamestown vs Powhatan Confederacy
peace -marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Yamasee War

war between the South Carolina settlers and the local natives who did not like being used for slavery and threatened for their land

Odauah Equiano

enslaved person who learned to read and write and wrote what happened on the middle passage

great awakening

old lights wanted rationalism, intelect
new lights wanted to go back to spiritual life, create more branches of christianity

famouse new lights

George Whitefield - toured the colonies and gave sermons
Jonathan Edwards - new light minister in new england - famous sermon "sinners in the hands of an angry god", started the great awakening

Anglicanization

became more like England
-Political systems and laws were based on English models - same trial by jury, punishments, assembly, etc.
-English Legal traditions
Most business is with English because of the Navigation Acts - same clothes, same tools
Transatlantic print culture - books, articles, we have the same cultural experience
Same language - English
IMPORTANT - although they disagreed many times, they wanted to be treated like Brits and over time distrust grew

Enlightenment

human self worth up

Literacy

increased bc ppl wanted to read bible

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice

Zenger Case

tried for being against government HOWEVER since it was true, it was legal!

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763.

effects - supremacy of England in North America

Albany plan of union

"join or die" - ben franklin

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclomation Line of 1763

Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and those who were already there had to return east. The British imposed this to not anger the Native Americans. This built resentment among the colonies.

Sugar Act 1764

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
- Cut the taxes in half but enforced them
- Expanded taxable items to include wines, cloth, coffee, tropical food, silk
- Closer supervision on American merchant exports

Quartering Act 1765

provide food and living quarters in the colonies

Stamp Act

1765; law by George grenville that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

led to resentment, boycotts, protests in newspapers

violent protest was effective

Formation of sons and daughters of liberty

stamp act
worked against the crown
violent but effective

declaratory act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."