History Final Exam

Henry Clay

speaker of the HoR; proposed the American System suggested by Madison

Eli Whitney

creator of the cotton gin; made interchangeable parts

Monroe Doctrine

formal warning to all European power that they would not interfere with each others affairs

Nationalism

belief that national interest should be placed over sectional interest

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay’s idea to preserve the sectional balance in the Senate; Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri became a slave state; was signed in 1820 on the 36*30 line

Election of 1824 & 1828

(1824) Jacksonian Democrats were created, modern day Democrats | (1828) voting requirements eased; 350,000 men voted (3x last vote); expansion of voting rights meant candidates had to be able to speak to the concerns of the common people

Andrew Jackson

War hero who (battle of NOLA |Old Hickory|); when president he opposed and disbanded BUS; his followers were called Jacksonions and were part of the Jacksonian Democracy.

Spoil System

andrew jackson giving government jobs to his friends and supporters

Indian Removal Act

1830; act of Congress that eventually led to the Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of the Cherokke from their land

Worcester v. Georgia

ruled in Worcester’s favor; the states did not have the right to impose regulation on native American land; Andrew Jackson didn’t care…”John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

Tariff of abomination

when John C. Calhoun referred the 1828 tariff as, calling it “disgusting and loathsome”

Nullification Theory

questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in sovereign states

Force Bill

Bill that allowed the federal government to use the army and navy against South Caroline if state authorities resisted paying proper duties

John Tyler

Harrison’s vice president and successor; opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery; (has 2 grandchildren still living today); nicknamed “His Accidency” because it was a mistake putting him as president

American System

plan proposed by James Madison; a system to unite regions of the US; was supposed to project industries

Adam-Onis Treaty

Spain gave Florida to the US for $5 million (Florida Purchase Treaty); they did this because they were too weak to control their territories.

Amelia Bloomer

Publisher of a temperance paper; wore loose-fitting pants tied at the ankles

Catherine Beecher

worked health survey, ⅓ of women were sick, Why? because of clothing style, bathing, & exercise

Commonwealth v. Hunt

ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade; made strikes legal, but it did not bring significant changes in the rights of laborers; many Massachusetts judges still considered unions illegal

Cottage Industry

people were making cloth before machines did it; replaced by Power Looms

David Walker

published - Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829); Claimed that if you don’t fight for freedom; you deserve to be held in slavery…even though he wasn’t a slave

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

couldn’t speak at World’s Anti Slavery Movement in London because they were a women; vowed to fight for women’s rights (especially to vote)

Frederick Douglas

slave that was taught to read by the masters wife; “Knowledge is the pathway to freedom.”; became a lecturer for the anti-slavery movement in 1841; friends with WLG; had a weekly paper called “The North Star”...later changed to “The Fredrick Douglass Paper”

Grimke sisters

Sarah & Angelina; slaveholding family but against slavery; Angelina wrote “An Appeal to Christian Women of the South”; “Overthrow the horrible system of oppression and cruelty.”

Harriet Tubman

one of the most famous conductors of the Underground RxR; was called Black Moses the way she led slaves out of slavery.

Henry David Thoreau

lived alone for 2 years in a cabin he built on Walden Pond (near Concord, Mass.); pushed for Civil Disobedience

Irish Immigrants

Irish people who fled Ireland because of the potato famine.

Journeymen

2nd highest role for an artisan; assist the master; while also teaching an apprentice

LeCretia Mott

vowed to fight for women’s rights with Elizabteh Stanton after not being able to speak at the World’s Anti Slavery movement; Convention for Women’s Rights

Lloyd Garrison

abolitionist who wrote Liberator; some whites hated him; wanted emancipation now; attacked churches & government for failing to condemn slavery

Lowell Mill Workers

mostly unmarried girls under the age of 30; had strict rules; Mill windows were nailed shut; smoke from oil lamps & cotton dust made it hard to breathe

National Trade Union

largest union; lasted from until 1837; formed from journeyman's organization from six industries

Nat Turner

slave preacher who believed he received a sign from god (eclipse); he gathered up some other slaves and killed 60 whites; he was captured, hanged, and skinned; in retaliation the whites killed 200 blacks (most were innocent); tighter laws

Ralph Waldo Emerson

leading transcendental philosopher

Sojourner Truth

Isabella Baumfree; Sojourned & preached the Truth about slavery; most famous speech – Ain’t I a Woman

Strike

People don’t work and rebel against the unfair pay cuts from Mills; were either dismissed or blacklisted (can’t work anywhere else)

Tax supported education

(1830) US needed a tax supported education for public schools; some did not support tax dollars paying for ed, especially the well to do of society and foreigners living in this country.

Abraham Lincoln

questioned the truthfulness of Polk message and want for a war; asked “wether our citizens whose blood was shed…”

Alamo

Abandoned fort/mission in Texas

Capitalism

gave individuals and companies the right to own factories, machines, & land

Charles Goodyear

vulcanized rubber; how to keep rubber elastic and waterproof under extreme temperatures

Davy Crockett

famous frontiersman who had a raccoon cap with a long tail hanging down his back; died at the Alamo

Empresario

a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for settling Texas; land grant agent

Entrepreneur

risked their own money but made huge profits; (Undertake…)

Federalism

some powers belong to the national government, and some powers belong to the state government

Gadsden Purchase

established the current border of the lower 48 states

James K Polk

president of the US, was committed to fulfilling the goals of Manifest Destiny

Jim Bowie

famous frontiersman who designed the razor-sharp Bowie knife; died at the Alamo

John Fremont

led an expedition through Mexico Alta (upper) California, a violation of Mexican law

John Slidell

was sent to Mexico by polk to work out the border dispute

Market Revolution

buying and sellings goods instead of making them for your self

Mormon settlement in Utah…

Salt Lake City

Northern Province of Mexico…

New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, & Utah

Republic of California

Bear Flag Republic (had a grizzly bear on their flag)

Result of Gold Rush in population

California had a population boom and became a state

Sam Houston

first president of Texas; defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto

Santa Anna

Mexican President (11 different times) that fought against the Texans; lost his leg during the Pastry War against the French; had his leg stolen twice by the 4th infantry of Illinois

Socialism

way to foster equality among a countries citizens; most countries don’t have a completely socialist or capitalist society.

Specialization

farmers shift to specialization from self-sufficiency

Spot Resolution

when Lincoln asked Polk to certify the spot where the skirmish had occurred

Steamboat (Robert Fulton)

boat powered/propelled by steam

Stephen Austin

developed a city between the Brazos & Colorado river; wanted Texas to be a part of the USA; (1825) issued 297 land grants, AKA - “Texas Old 300” (177 acres/10 year tax exempt)

Stephen Kearny

long marcher – crossed 900 miles to Santa Fe, then to california

Telegraph

carried messages taped in code across wire

Treaty of Fort Laramie

gave natives some control over the Central Plains

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

gave the US California

Treaty of San Jacinto

gave independence to Texas

Treaty of Velasco

gave Texas its independence; became the Lone Star Republic; set Santa Anna free

Why did the south want to annex Texas?

They believed it would enter the Union as a slave state, increasing the power of the slave states in the Senate

Winfield Scott

General during Spanish-American War; AKA - Old Fuss & Feathers

Zachary Taylor

was ordered by polk to lead troops to Rio Grande

American Party

Know-Nothing Party; very secretive, secret handshakes; replied “I know nothing” when asked questions

Black Moses

Harriet Tubman; called Black Moses because, like Moses, she led people out of slavery

Bleeding Kansas

when people rushed to Kansas to make it a free or a slave state; started killing each other and fighting was happening everywhere (in Kansas); John Brown went to a proslavery camp at Pottawatomie Creek & beheaded people, 200 people died on both sides of the fight

Border Ruffians

from Missouri; crossed the border and voted illegally

Compromise of 1850

Compromise created by Henry Clay; the North would get California as a free state, and the South would get tighter fugitive slave laws; Southwest territory organizing; settled TX–NM boundary dispute; territorial gov. Established in Utah; sale of slaves banned in DC

Dred Scott

Sam Blow; lived in free territory for 4 years before returning to Missouri, owner dies, Dred sues; SCOTUS ruled not in his favor and he was sold back to his original owner and set free

Franklin Pierce

Democrat; elected in 1852 after he beat Winfield Scott; managed to bring the Kansas-Nebraska (KN) Act into play in 1854; 14th president

Freeport Doctrine

Samel Douglas’ response to PS; “Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless i is supported by local police regulations.”

Free-Soil Party

Northerners who are opposed to the extension but were not abolitionists

Fugitive Slave Law

part of the Compromise of 1850; required people in free states to help capture/return slaves

Harriet Beecher Stowe

born in CT to a reform family; told of slavery as the great moral tragedy

Jefferson Davis

1st and only president of the CSA; born in Kentucky and raised in Mississippi

John Brown

“Gods Little Angry White Man”; went to a proslavery camp at Pottawatomie Creek & beheaded a people, 200 people died on both sides of the fight; felt that he was called by God to end slavery; Bleeding Kansas; attempted a revolt at Harpers Ferry

John C. Calhoun

demanded that slavery be allowed in new territories, if not the South would withdraw from the union; “Perfect Equilibrium”

Kansas-Nebraska Act

SD introduced a bill to Congress to divide the area into 2 territories (NE North & KS South); repealed the Missouri Compromise & established Popular Sovereignty

Lawrence

when pro-slavery settlers attacked and destroyed Lawrence, Kansas; the town was founded by anti-slavery settlers from MA hoping to make Kansas a free state

Lecompton Constitution

applied for statehood/constitution allowed slavery; free-soilers outnumbered pro slavery 10-1 and rejected the constitution; Pres. Buchanan still approved; set Steven Douglas because of popular sovereignty; constitution was voted pm again and defeated

Missouri Compromise

was declared unconstitutional; destroyed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act; cleared the way for slavery..

Popular sovereignty

the territory decides if it wants slavery or not

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown went to a proslavery camp at Pottawatomie Creek; 5 people were beheaded, 200 people died on both sides of the fight

Republican Party

anti-slavery; Lincoln was their first president

Roger Taney

SC chief justice who decided on the Dred Scott Decision; said that, “Slaves do not have the rights of citizens.”; also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Southern Secession

leaving (in this context it was a state leaving the union); would cause a massive split and could lead to war

Stephen Douglas

didn’t care about slavery, only about popular sovereignty; pushed to organize Kansas & Nebraska; wanted a RxR between Chicago & San Francisco, made a deal with southerners to make it happen; decided to repeal the Missouri Compromise (KN Act)

Whig Party

political party that collapsed because of slavery

Who won the presidential election in 1856 and what party?

Buchanan (Democrats)

Why were threats of secession feared?

People thought it would cause the Union to split

Wilmot Proviso

slavery in California & territories of Utah & NM (would be banned forever); failed twice