AP Psychology - All People To Know

Leon Festinger

developed the cognitive dissonance theory

Margaret Floyd Washburn

first female to receive a PhD in psychology and the 2nd woman president of the APA

Sigmund Freud

father of the psychoanalytic perspective

Francis Galton

thought intelligence was purely hereditary

John Garcia

studied conditioned taste aversion in rats

Howard Gardner

proposed 8 distinct intelligences: naturalistic, linguistic, logical, musical, interpersonal, kinesthetic, and spatial

G. Stanley Hall

first president of the APA and established the 1st US psych lab

William James

created the functionalism perspective and wrote the first psych textbook

William James/Carl Lange

developed the James/Lange theory of emotions (you feel scared before you process it)

Wolfgang Kohler

co founder of the gestalt psychology

Elizabeth Loftus

studied how eyewitness memories can be influenced by questioning

Abraham Maslow

Humanist, Created the hierarchy of needs

Stanley Milgram

studied obedience

George Miller

proposed that short term memory is

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning when studying the digestion of dogs

Jean Piaget

developed the 4 stages of cognitive development

Carl Rogers

humanist, believed people were born good and had self-actualizing tendencies (could become the best version of themselves possible)

Hermann Rorschach

developed inkblot tests

Stanley Schatchter/Jerome Singer

developed the two-factor theory of emotions (feel the physiological arousal and then put a cognitive label on it)

Alfred Adler

studied parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive) and gave pros and cons for all

Mary Ainsworth

research on attachment styles of children using the strange situation room (making parents leave and stranger enter the room)

Solomon Asch

created a study on conformity and group pressure through the perception of line lengths (the video where they had to pick the shortest line)

Albert Bandura

followed the social-cognitive perspective, believed that people learn through observation and modelling (Bobo Dolls)

Diana Baumrind

created a personality theory that focused on birth order and striving for superiority

Aaron Beck

developed a cognitive therapy for depression (literally called CBT)

Alfred Binet

created the first modern intelligence test to measure a child’s mental age (Stanford-Binet)

Paul Broca

discovered Broca area (responsible for speech production)

Mary Whinton Calkins

the first woman to fulfill the requirements for a PhD in psychology. Also was the first female prez of the APA

Walter Cannon/Phillip Bard

created a theory of emotions in which emotions and physiological response happen at the same time

Raymond Cattell

created the 16 trait personality inventory

Noam Chomsky

studied language development and universal grammar

Paul Costa/Robert McCrae

created the big 5 theory (OCEAN) (most widely used today)

Mary Cover Jones/Joseph Wolpe

helped create exposure therapies (systematic desensitization)

Charles Darwin

studied natural selection (inspires the evolutionary perspective)

Dorthea Dix

advocated for more treatment for the mentally ill and construction of mental hospitals to assist

Hermann Ebbinghaus

developed the forgetting curve (DO PHASE 1 AND PHASE 2)

Albert Ellis

created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; cognitive therapy (REBT replace irrational thoughts with rational thoughts)

Erik Erikson

developed the 8 stages of psychosocial development in which each centered around a conflict (

Edward L. Thorndike

behaviorists, developed law of effect (behaviors with positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors with negative outcomes are less likely to happen again).

Lev Vygotsky

stressed how children develop through interactions with the social environment

John B. Watson

father of behaviorism; didnt believe in introspection (conditioned Baby Albert)

Ernest Weber

did psychophysics & created Webers Law (states that the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the physical intensity of the stimulus)

Carl Wernicke

discovered Wernickes Area (responsible for speech comprehension)

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology, established the first psych lab in Germany

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment

Benjamin Worf

he argues that people experience the world based on the structure of the language they habitually use

David Wechsler

created intelligence tests that include both verbal and nonverbal items

Edward Tolman

known for his research on cognitive maps(mental maps) and latent learning(learning without reinforcement or punishment)

Roger Sperry

Nobel prize winner for his split-brain research

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness; research on optimism and biological preparedness

Julian Rotter

locus of control theory (concept that describes how much a person believes they have control over their life and the events that affect it) -internal locus vs external locus

Vilayanur Ramachandran

phantom limb sensations