L1.1: Overview (Continuation)

Exceptional Learners

Those who require special education to reach their full potential.

TRUE

T or F: Many individuals with disabilities require special education, but some do not.

10 students in every 100

About ____ (about 10% of the student population) are identified as exceptional for special education purposes

High incidence

Somme categories of disability are considered ___ because they are found relatively frequently

1. Learning disabilities

2. Communication disorders

3. Emotional or behavioral disorders

Examples of high incidence

Low incidence

Some categories of disability are considered ____ because they occur relatively rarely

1. Blindness

2. Deafness

3. Deaf-blindness

Examples of low incidence

Special Education

Specially designed instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional student. May include special materials, teaching techniques, or equipment and/or facilities.

General education classroom

The trend of special education is toward placement in environments closest to the ____ in format, especially for younger children

19th Century

Special education became common in institutions and in major cities’ public education in the ____

Physicians and psychologists

Played important roles in the early formation of special education

Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

Together with many important parent and professional organizations were formed in the 20th century

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Primary federal law affecting special education enacted in the 1970s and reauthorized by the US Congress in 2004. DepEd’s Special Educaion grounds and provisions is also anchored here.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment and communications

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Also important in the education of exceptional learners in the 21st Century. Adapted in the Philippines. Closely monitored to ensure that children will be able to meet their needs and will be provided with necessary materials in education.

Lawsuits (ligitation)

Have added to interpretation of the meaning and application of the law. This depends on the government of certain country which will align to the needs of learners with exceptionalities.

1. Being identified for special education

2. To have them educated in less atypical situations

3. They want their children to be identified for special education or placed in more specialized environments

Some reasons why parents sue:

TRUE

T or F: Special education has made great progress, but making it better is a continuing struggle.

Jean Marc Gaspard Itard

First physician proposed that an enriched environment could offset developmental delays due to heredity or previous deprivation. French Physician who is an author on diseases of the ear and the ear and the education of deaf students.

Philippe Pinel

Mentor and colleague of Itard. Advocate for human treatment of individuals with mental illness. Regarded Victor as a case with limited potential for improvement.

Victor of Aveyron

Brought to the National Institution for Deaf Mutes for the next 5 years specifically for a tailored intensive educational plan.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

The initiative of Victor of Aveyron marked the advent of the ____ and the beginning of modern special education

Edouard Seguin

Student of Itard. Educator of Idiotic Children and a special educator for exceptional children. Improve and expand the idea of Itard about the teacher’s sensory-training approach that paved the way for effective education methods.

1. Individualized instruction

2. A carefully sequenced series of educational tasks

3. Emphasis on stimulation and awakening of the child’s senses

4. Meticulous arrangement of the child’s environment

5. Immediate reward for correct performance

6. Tutoring in functional skills

7. Belief that every child should be educated to the greatest extent possible

Foundation of the Present Day Special Education

Samuel Gridley Howe

Physician and educator. Political and social reformer. Founded the Perkins School for the Blind in Massachusets.

Hellen Keller

American author, activist, and lecturer. First deaf-blind person to earn a college degree

Laura Bridgman

First deaf-blind person to receive formal education and successfully learn language.

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

Minister; Student at Andover Theological Seminary

He established the first American Residential School in Hartford, Connecticut (American School for the Deaf)

Maria Montessori (1870-1952)

One of the first female physicians in Italy upon graduating from the University of Rom in 1896. She developed an educational approach

1. Child-Centered Learning

2. Prepared Environment

3. Sensory-Based Education

Maria Montessori’s Educational Approach

Child-Centered Learning

Allowing children to learn at their own pace

Prepared Environment

Creating classrooms that encourage exploration and independence

Sensory-Based Education

Using materials that engage children’s senses to enhance cognitive development

Hans Asperger

An Austrian physician who studied medicine in Vienna and later became a pediatrician specializing in developmental disorders. Published research about autistic psychopaths, where individuals exhibit social challenges and many more.

High-functioning autism

Asperger’s research contributed to understanding ____

1. Social communication challenges

2. Specialized education

Asperger’s research emphasized:

TRUE

T or F: Special education’s early years were vibrant, giving so many new ideas, and it was remarkable. However, controversies about the idea of NATURE vs NURTURE involving exceptional learners

Nature

From genes

Nurture

From environment

Normalization

It is the process or strategy by which individuals with disabilities are allowed to live and interact with people who are not disabled while acquiring traits and behaviors that are as typical or "normal" as possible.

Deinstitutionalization

It is the process of transitioning people with long-term mental health conditions out of institutional care.

Inclusion

It is the process of not only maintaining the presence of individuals in the society, but also about letting their presence be known. The concept goes beyond the categorized individuals.