let's get an a in this bitch

What is the anatomical position?

What is the anatomical position?

the universal position;

hands at sides, palms upward… face forward, feet forward

What is proximal?

near the body

What is distal?

away from the body

The elbow is _______ from the shoulder?

distal

The elbow is _______ to the waist?

proximal

The foot is ______ to the knee?

distal

What is lateral?

away from the midline

What is medial?

towards the midline

The thumb is ________ to the pinkie

lateral

The arms are _____ to the chest*

lateral

The eyes are _______ to the ears*

medial

What is anterior/ventral?

The front of the body

What is posterior/dorsal?

The back of the body

The shoulder blades are ______ to the ribcage*

posterior/dorsal

The navel is on the _______ surface of the body*

anterior/ventral

What is cranial/cephalic?

Toward the head

What is caudal?

Toward the “tail”; coccyx in humans

What is superficial?

near the surface of the body

What is deep?

farther from the surface of the body

The skin is __________ to underlying structures*

superficial

The bone of the thigh is ________ to the surrounding skeletal muscles*

deep

What is the sectional plane?

A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

(a cut into this plane is called a frontal (coronal section))

What is the sagittal plane?

A vertical plane dividing body into left and right portions

(A cut in this plane is a sagittal section)

What is a midsagittal plane?

A plane that lies in the middle; it separates the body into equal left and right sides.

What is a parasagittal plane?

A plane that is offset from the middle; it separates the body into unequal right and left sides)

What is the transverse plane?

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

(a cut in this plane is called a transverse section)

What quadrant is this?

Right upper quadrant

What organs are located in the RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)?**

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Head of pancreas

• Right kidney

What quadrant is this?

Left upper quadrant

What organs are located in the LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant)?**

• Left kidney

• A lot of the stomach

• Spleen

• Tail of pancreas

What quadrant is this?

Right lower quadrant

What organs are located in the RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant)?**

• Portions of the large and small intestine

• Right side of the reproductive organs

• Appendix

• Right ureter

What quadrant is this?

Left Lower Quadrant

What organs are located in the LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)? **

• Left Ureter

• More portions of the small and large intestine

• Descending colon

What region is this?

Right hypochondriac region

What region is this?

Right lumbar region

What region is this?

Right inguinal region

What region is this?

Epigastric region

What region is this?

Umbilical region

What region is this?

Hypogastric (pubic) region

What region is this?

Left hypochondriac region

What region is this?

Left lumbar region

What region is this?

Left inguinal region

What region is above the lower side (umbilical region)?

Epigastric region

What region is below the umbilical region?

Hypogastric region

What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?

Visceral pericardium

What is the name of the membrane that lines the heart?

Parietal pericardium

What is the name of the membrane that covers the lung?**

visceral pleura

What is the name of the membrane that lines the lung? **

parietal pleura

What is the name of the membrane that covers organs?

visceral peritoneum

What is the name of the membrane that lines organs?

parietal peritoneum

Which organ is considered retroperitoneal?

The kidneys

The three mechanisms of homeostasis are:

• Receptor

  -Receives the stimulus

• Control Center

  - Processes the signal and sends instructions

• Effector

  -Carries out instructions

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion; occurs when an atom loses one or more electrons

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion; occurs when an atom gains one or more electrons

What is decomposition? (catabolism)

Breaks chemical bonds

What is synthesis? (anabolism)

Forms chemical bonds

What is hydrolysis?

Adding water to a reaction to break it down

What is an exchange reaction?

when reactants exchange and combine

What is reversible?

At equilibrium, the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occurring

What is dehydration synthesis? (condensation)

the reverse reaction of Hydrolysis; loss of water to form chemical bonds

What is anabolism

builds up/creates

What is catabolism?

Breakdown

(think CANNIBALISM)

The ending for most enzyme names is “________”

-ase

What is the purpose of an enzyme?

• Speeds up chemical reaction

• Lowes the activation energy

What is diffusion?

The passive movement of substances from a higher to lower concentration

(requires no energy)

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water

What is pinocytosis?

Cellula drinking; cells taking in fluids

What is active transport?

Requires energy; substances go from a lower to a higher concentration

If the solution is hypertonic, the red blood cell shrivels——

crenation

If the solution is hypotonic, the red blood cell swells up—-

hemolysis

What is crenation?

when the red blood cell loses water and shrinks; occurs in a hypertonic solution

What is hemolysis?

when the red blood cell swells up with water and ruptures; occurs in a hypotonic solution

What is hydrophilic in simple terms?

likes water

(Includes ions and polar molecules)

What is hydrophobic in simple terms?

scared of water

(Includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils)

The normal pH of blood ________?

ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

The acidic pH range is ______?

lower than 7.0

• High H+ concentration

• Low OH− concentration

The neutral pH is _______?

7

The basic (or alkaline) pH range is ______?

higher than 7.0

• Low H+ concentration

• High OH− concentration

Protein consists of ________?

20 amino acids

Amino acids are connected by ________?

peptide bonds

Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (E.R) because ___________

it has ribosomes

The plasma membrane consists of a __________

phospholipid bilayer

What is cytoplasm?

stuff inside the cell

What is cytosol?

solution inside of the cell

What is phosphorylation?

The process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule

The phosphorylation of AMP gives you _______

ADP

The phosphorylation of ADP gives you ______

ATP

What is the enzyme that catalyzes ATP to ADP?

Adenosine triphosphatase (AT Pase)

What do exergonic reactions do?

release energy

What do endergonic reactions do?

absorb energy

What is endocytosis?

the importation of extracellular materials packaged within vesicles, which require ATP

(remember, endo means inside)

What is exocytosis?

Granules or droplets are released from the cell as a vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane

(remember, exo means outside )

What is the order of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes

What is DNA?

Genetic material

What is RNA?

helpful for protein synthesis