Patho Quiz 5

Gigantism

Excess growth hormone

Endemic thyroid disorders

Low iodine levels (goiter)

Type 1 diabetes

Occurs in childhood; requires insulin; pancreas cannot produce insulin

Type 2 diabetes

Occurs in adulthood; oral meds; non-insulin dependent; associated with obesity

Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)

Takes 3 months to measure average glucose; statement “true” is FALSE

DKA symptoms

Kussmaul respirations; fruity breath; dehydration; acidosis; high blood sugar; tachycardia; weak/thready pulse; low BP; confusion; excessive thirst; lethargy; decreased mental status

Treatment for severe hypoglycemia in Type 1

15/15 rule; IV dextrose 50% if unarousable

Dwarfism

Deficiency of growth hormone

Hashimoto’s disease

Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism

Addison’s disease

Low blood sugar; low energy; weight loss; low BP; low sodium; high potassium

Acromegaly

Excess growth hormone in adults; enlarged hands, feet, face; heavy bones

Diabetes insipidus

Deficiency of ADH

Cushing’s syndrome

Buffalo hump; mood swings; hirsutism; thin fragile skin; stretch marks; obesity

Retinopathy

Diabetes complication: microvascular

Myocardial infarction

Diabetes complication: macrovascular

Peripheral vascular disease

Diabetes complication: macrovascular

Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetes complication: microvascular

Renal failure

Diabetes complication: microvascular

Stroke

Diabetes complication: macrovascular

DKA treatment

IV insulin; fluids; electrolyte replacement

ADH (posterior pituitary)

Collects/retains water

Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

Regulates sodium and water balance

Women & UTI risk

Short urethra; close to anus

Cystitis

Bladder wall inflammation

Pyelonephritis

High fever; urinary casts; flank/back pain; loss of renal tubule function

Glomerulonephritis

Proteinuria; flank pain; elevated BUN/creatinine; edema; treated with glucocorticoids

Hemodialysis

3x per week; uses shunt or catheter

Peritoneal dialysis

Daily; uses peritoneal membrane

Ectopic testes (true/false)

False — ectopic means not in scrotum

BPH

Urgency; dysuria; nocturia; frequency; obstruction

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Infertility; peritonitis; pelvic abscess; sepsis