Anthro 2A Midterm 2

San Foragers of the Kalahari Desert Group Organization

Bands of 25-60 people based on kinship

San Foragers Mobility

During dry season they gather around hereditary water holes and the rest of the year are mobile

San Foragers Contributions of men vs women

Men hunt with and women gather, gathering makes up 71% of calories

San Foragers Leisure time

Only spend 20 hours/week in all maintenance activities, have lots of leisure time

San Foragers Sharing and Survival

Engage in generalized reciprocity

Extensive agriculture (Horticulture)

Not putting a lot of work/energy into crops

Intensive agriculture (Agriculture)

Applying extra work such as plowing, irrigating, fertilizing

Slash and Burn (Swidden) Agriculture

Light a field on fire and the ash acts as a fertilizer

Fallow period

Strategy used in horticulture when land is left alone to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation

Transhumance

In pastoralism when the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages

Market principle

The profit-oriented principle that dominates in industrial states

Redistribution

When products move from a local level to a center where they eventually flow back out

Reciprocity

Exchanges between social equals

Generalized reciprocity

Someone gives to another person and expects nothing in return

Balanced reciprocity

Exchanges between people who are more distantly related than those who are members of the same band so they expect something in return

Negative Reciprocity

An exchange where one party attempts to gain an advantage or profit at the expense of another party

Potlach

Festive Native American event where the host gives away food and wealth items to gain prestige

Enduring diffuse solidarity

Characterizes bonds kin ties

Biological kin types

M= mother

F= father

S= son

D= daughter

C= child

B= brother

Z= sister

H= husband

W= wife

Kindred

Ego-centered Network of bilateral, affinal, and fictive kin

Lineage

A group of people who can trace descent in a unilineal manner from a common founding ancestor

Clan

A group of people who believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor in a unilineal manner but they cannot demonstrate the links

Corporate groups

Groups that collectively control assets/resources

Genitor

Biological father

Pater

Socially recognized father

Affine

A relative by marriage (In-law)

Polygyny

Man with multiple wives

Polyandry

Woman with multiple husbands

Himalayan Agriculturists & Polyandry

Practice fraternal polyandry due to limited amount of farmable land because land is passed down to be shared between brothers

Land tenure

Practice of not fragmenting land so that it can be passed through generations

Primogeniture

The right of succession belonging to the firstborn child

Bridewealth

A payment made from the groom’s family to the bride’s family

Dowry

A payment made from the bride’s family to the groom’s family

Bride service

A transfer or labor where the husband works for the wife’s parents for a period of time

Nuer Marriage+ Descent

Bridewealth is payed in cattle and makes the groom the father of any kids the wife has, and his descendents give him immortality

Parallel cousins

Children of same gendered siblings

Cross cousins

Children of different gendered siblings

4th world peoples

People who have been incorporated into a state-level government even though they are part of a broader nation-state. EG: Native Americans

Nuer Segmentary Lineage System

Each tribe is associated with a specific clan, each section of a tribe is associated with a division of the clan, and each village is associated with a lineage division of the clan

Pantribal sodalities

A social group that is formed between tribes and not based on descent

Masai of Kenya age grades and age sets

Youth→Warriors→Elders

Role

The expected behaviors, obligations, duties, privileges that accompany a specific status

Strata

Casts and classes of stratification

Mode of production

A way of organizing production (Capitalism vs Communism)

Means of production

Factors of production (Land, technology, labor supply)

Bourdieu’s multidimensional approach to hierarchy

Status is determined by economic, social, and cultural capital

Headman

Achieved status based on personal attributes, but no real authority

Bigman

Achieved status based on personal attributes with no real authority, but brokers relations between localized groups

Moka

Gifting competition in New Guinea Highlands between clans/tribes for prestige

Hijra

Gender in south Asia that is male but dresses female

Berdache

Two-spirited Native American

Samoan Fa'afafine

Trans male Samoan

Trobriand Wealth

Men’s wealth: Yams, axes, pigs, kula valuables

Women’s wealth: Skirts, banana leaf bundles

Kayasa

Trobriand harvest competition between clans

Sagali

Trobriand mortuary distribution where womens owners give women’s wealth to women workers

Valova exchange

Trobriand Bazaar