Global Challenges Final Exam Flashcards

Universal Jurisdiction

Allows states to prosecute serious crimes like genocide regardless of where they occurred.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

Doctrine that allows intervention when states fail to protect their populations from atrocities.

Non-refoulement

Principle that prohibits returning refugees to a country where they may face danger.

Bretton Woods Institutions

Includes the IMF, World Bank, and GATT; formed to stabilize the post-WWII economy.

Economic Realism

Views trade and finance as arenas of power competition between states.

Economic Liberalism

Advocates free markets and open trade to promote cooperation and prosperity.

Economic Radicalism

Critiques inequality in global markets, emphasizing core-periphery exploitation.

NGO (Nongovernmental Organization)

Non-state actors that influence international politics through advocacy and service.

Truth Commission

Bodies that document past human rights abuses, often used for reconciliation.

European Union (EU)

Supranational body with political and legal authority over its member states.

European Court of Justice

Enforces EU laws; can sanction member states for violations.

Human Security

Focuses on individuals' safety and well-being, not just state survival.

Demographic Transition

Describes how economic and social development leads to declining birth rates.

Development Gap

The disparity in wealth and opportunity between developed and developing countries.

Collective Goods Problem

Challenge of managing shared resources without encouraging free-riding behavior.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone forced from their home but still within their country.

Refugee

Person fleeing persecution who crosses an international border.

Constructivism and Migration

Analyzes how cultural identity shapes how migrants are perceived and treated.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Coordinates global health efforts, including disease control and response to pandemics.

League of Nations

Precursor to the UN, aimed to prevent war through collective security.

Things to know about applying international law principles?

Intervening to stop genocide in Rwanda shows the legal justification, but global politics made interventions slow and difficult.

Theories of modern examples about Global Economic Institutions

The U.S.-China trade war shows economic realism; the 1980s Latin American debt crisis shows radical theories about inequality.

Things to know about NGOs and Global Governance

Red Cross is an NGO; the UN is an IGO; a local protest against deforestation is a grassroots movement.

What is a grassroots movement?

It’s when ordinary people in a community work together to make a change, instead of leaders or big organizations leading them.

How does the EU balances national sovereignty with regional integration?

The EU lets countries keep control over many national laws but also creates common rules (like trade and travel) that all members agree to follow.

What is important to understand about the EU?

The Brexit vote shows tension between national sovereignty and EU integration.

Example of applying Human Security to a real-world development challenge?

After a natural disaster, aid programs focus on giving food, clean water, and medical care directly to people, not just protecting borders.

Example of applying Demographic Transition to a real-world development challenge?

In countries like South Korea, as more women got education and moved to cities, birth rates dropped, changing how the government plans schools and healthcare.

Example of applying Development Gap to a real-world development challenge?

Free trade agreements like NAFTA are meant to help poorer countries grow by joining bigger markets, but not all countries benefited equally.

Example of applying Collective Goods Dilemma to a real-world development challenge?

Countries agree to cut carbon emissions under climate change treaties, but if one country cheats, it can hurt the whole world’s air and environment.

What should you link when studying refugee issues?

Germany welcomed Syrian refugees partly because of humanitarian values, while Hungary resisted based on national identity concerns.

Challenges and success of the WHO?

The WHO successfully helped eradicate smallpox but faced criticism for its slow early response to COVID-19.