Chapter 2: The Periodic Table

electron affinity

The amount of energy released when an atom gains an electron is called ___________.

ionization energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion is called ____________.

lower

the first ionization energy is ____ than the second

Effective Nuclear Charge

The net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom, which is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus and the shielding effect of the inner electrons.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. It is influenced by the number of protons in the nucleus and the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons.

fluorine

the most electronegative element

radioactivity

The spontaneous emission of particles or energy from unstable atomic nuclei is known as ________.

periodic table diagonal trends

Trend in periodic table where atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy decrease from top to bottom and increase from left to right.

increases

metallic character ____ as you go from the bottom of a group to the top

metalloids

elements that are between metallic elements and nonmetallic elements

photoelectron spectroscopy

Technique used to measure the energy of electrons ejected from a sample by shining light on it. Provides information on the electronic structure of materials.

allotropes

an element with two or more distinct sets of chemical and physical properties

differentiating electrons

Particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom and carry a negative charge. They determine the chemical properties of an element and participate in chemical reactions.

isoelectronic

Having the same number of electrons as another atom or ion, resulting in similar electronic configurations and chemical properties.

mass spectrometry

A technique used to analyze and identify the chemical composition of a sample by ionizing and separating its components based on their mass-to-charge ratios.

Isotopes

Different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, resulting in different atomic masses. Some isotopes are unstable and emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms.

periodic table “period”

row in the periodic table

periodic table “group”

column in the periodic table

metals

the majority of elements in the periodic table are ____

A

charge is represented by ____

Z

atomic number is represented by ____