Test 1 study guide

What is the smallest independently functioning unit of life?

cell

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology

Anatomy - the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

Physiology - the study of the chemical and physical properties within the body

A scientist is studying the shapes of different cells in different tissues. What best represents their subdivision of anatomy?

Microscopic

Which of the following represents the correcnt order in which the components interact with a NEGATIVE feedback loop

a) receptor, stimulus, effector

b) effector, stimulus, receptor

c) receptor, control center, effector

d) variable, receptor, set point

c) receptor, control center, effector

which organ is NOT found in the abdominal cavity?

a) liver

b) gall bladder

c) bladder

d) stomach

c) bladder

why is important to study physiology alongside anatomy

Anatomy shows what the body’s structures are (structural relation portion)
Physiology explains how those structures function (chemical/physics portion)

form follows function - the two cannot be talked about separately

What are the major image types discussed and what explain what they do (best uses)

1) X-Ray - Electromagnetic radiation that penetrates solids; less easily penetrated substances turn up brighter (best uses - Bone and mammography)

2) CT scan - computers analyze cross-sectional X-rays (ie several rows of x-rays) (best uses - Soft tissue, blood vessels, bones AND allows you to analyze cross sectionally)

3) MRI - tracking radio signals emitted by tissue exposed to radio waves or magnetic fields (best uses - when detailed images of soft tissues are needed like brain, heart, muscles, tendons, abdomen, pelvis)

4) PET scan - lightly radioactive material is given to pt and signals are measured to see how it travels. Best used to look at cancer, plaques, or proteins (used with radiation to detect cancers/tumors)

5) Ultrasound - used to measure sensitive area without radiation using sound waves to cause echoes

Know the major location classifications

1) Proximal vs distal (only limbs)- closer or further from the central body/attachment points

2) Axial vs appendicular - head/neck/torso vs appendages

3) superficial vs deep - closer to the body’s surface or further down

4) medial vs lateral - the middle of the body vs the sides

5) superior vs inferior - top vs bottom

6) Dorsal vs ventral - back vs front

7) Anterior vs posterior - front vs back

Know the major body planes

Sagittal

Divides body into left and right

Midsagittal

Divides body into equal left/right

Parasagittal

Unequal left/right division

Frontal (Coronal)

Divides body into front and back

Transverse (Horizontal)

Divides body into top and bottom

know the 4 main body cavities and what organs lie in them

1) RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, right kidney

2) RLQ: Appendix, right ovary, right ureter, intestines (S and L)

3) LUQ: Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney

4) LLQ: left ovary, left ureter, intestines (S and L)

homeostasis is a steady state of ?

internal conditions

know the major body cavities

-Dorsal body cavity: Cranial and vertebral

-Ventral: thoracic and abdominopelvic

-Thoracic: pleural cavity and mediastinum

-Abdominopelvic: Abdominal and pelvic

-Pleural cavity: lungs

-Mediastinum: pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea

-Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys (viscera)

-Pelvic: bladder, repro organs, rectum, lower colon

Pericardial cavity: heart encased in serous membrane

What are the 4 major body systems

integumentary (skin, nails), muscle (skeletal muscles, tendons), skeletal (cartilage, bones, joints) and nervous (CNS and PNS)

Know the systems of lesser known organs

Spleen, liver, kidney, gall bladder, esophagus, trachea

spleen: lymphatic

liver: Digestive

kidney: Urinary

gall bladder: Digestive

Esophagus: Digestive

Trachea: Respiratory

know the difference of catabolic and anabolic reactions

Catabolic - the breaking down of molecules to release energy

Anabolic - the combining of molecules using energy

These are the fundamental categories of chemical reactions

Glycolysis, cellular respiration, digestion, and sometimes excretion are all examples of what?

catabolic reactions

Protein synthesis, DNA replication, photosynthesis, bone growth are all examples of what?

anabolic reactions

know the difference between afferent vs efferent

Afferent: (Arriving) this is information sent along a pathway to the control center

Efferent: (Exiting) this is information exiting the control center to an effector

A pathway that carries signals to your body FROM your spinal cord is?

Efferent

A pathway that carries signals from your body TO your spinal cord is?

affarent

Receptors are to _______ as effectors are to _____

Receptors are to afferent as effectors are to efferent.

• Receptors detect stimuli and send signals to the control center via afferent pathways.

• Effectors receive instructions from the control center via efferent pathways to carry out a response.

• Afferent = Arrives at the brain

• Efferent = Exits the brain

Input is sent to the _____ pathway

affarent pathway

output is sent from the control center to the ____ pathway

efferent

The _______ sends a message via the afferent pathway

sensor/receptor

Efferent pathways send messages to the _____

effectors

A stimulus produces a _____ in variable

change

what are the 2 types of effectors?

muscles or glands that carry out a response

effectors (muscles/glands) receive output signals from the control center via the efferent pathway to help restore ?

homeostasis

The control center uses ______ to do something (based on the stimulus) – send this message to the efferent pathway

integration - Deciding what is normal given the stimulus - ie smelling smoke during campfire vs in your home

Receptors are the ____, effectors are the ____

input; output

Positive vs negative feedback loops

Pos - amplifies a stimulus to achieve something (less common) (these are also called cascades)

Neg - tries to reverse a stimulus and revert your body back to homeostasis (more common)

Blood clotting or contractions from child birth would be an example of what?

pos feedback loop

Every organ supports homeostasis with what type of feedback loop?

neg feedback loop

When the body gets hot, it sweats to cool us down → this is an example of what?

neg feedback loop

the return to homeostasis is done so via what?

negative feedback loop - our body is actively making changes to revert you back to set point

what are this an example of?

Body temp regulation

Negative feedback loop

what are the three main types of nutrients?

Macronutrients, micronutrients, water

what substances are consumed that are necessary for metabolism?

nutrients

What are the major macro nutrients?

Carbs, proteins, fats (lipids) and water

What are the major micro nutrients?

Vitamins and minerals

______ are organic nutrients that are high in carbon and hydrogen

vitamins

Calcium, iron are examples of what?

minerals - body uses these for functioning

know the levels of organization (smallest to largest)

Atoms (atomic) → molecules (chemical) → cells (cellular) → tissues → Organ → organ system → organism

Atoms combine together to form?

molecules

molecules combine together to form?

cells

What is the smallest independent functioning unit of life?

A cell, which can perform all necessary life processes independently.

An _____ ____ is a interconnected system that works together to support homeostasis

organ system

When organs combine in a independently living being, what is this called?

an organism

What is this level of organization: Atoms bond to form molecules with 3D structures

chemical

What is this level of organization: A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

cellular

What is this level of organization: A community of similar cells form a body tissue

tissue

What is this level of organization: 2+ different tissues combine to form an organ

organ

What is this level of organization: 2+ organs working closely together to perform the functions of a body system

organ system

What is this level of organization: Many organs work to. perform the functions of an independent organism (ie. this is made up of many organ systems)

organism

What system eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

urinary

What system protects the body as a whole from the external environments

integumentary

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, development, and growth → these all represent what?

the critical functions of life

what are the 3 parts of the serous membrane and what is the function

1) Visceral - the closest portion to the organ itself (the inner skin)

2) Parietal - the furthest portion to the organ (the outer skin)

3) Pericardial - the fluid containing cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane

The purpose is to provide extra protection and separate

What is the “Normal Range” of homeostasis

Restricted values around set point that is healthy and stable (ie normal vitals

Types of microscopic anatomy

Cytology - study of cells

embryology - study of fertilization to birth

histology - study of tissues

Know the timeline of imbalance

Stimulus, receptor, input (via afferent), control center, effector (via efferent), response

   ______ pathways send motor commands from the CNS to muscles/glands to make something happen

Efferent

cellular respiration digestion and excretion -> all categories of ____

metabolism

What does the GI tract and cardiovascular system have in common regarding the critical functions of life

Movement

What is metabolism?

Any reaction to generate or use fuel

what are the 4 requirements of life?

oxygen, nutrients, temperature, and pressure

The sternal region of the body is __________ to the umbilical region.

superior

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the __________

coronal/frontal

Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?

illness

breathing rate increasing as a result of exercise

heart rate increasing as a result of exercise

sweating as a result of being hot

shivering as a result of being cold

illness

Which of the following shows increasing complexity levels?

organ, tissue, cellular, organ system

cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

cellular, tissue, organ system, organ

tissue, organ, organ system, cellular

organ system, organ, tissue, cellular

cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

The cranial cavity is part of __________.

the dorsal body cavity

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of homeostatic control systems?

the receptor (senses the change)

positive feedback

the effector

the control center

positive feedback

The respiratory system contains the __________.

uterus, vagina, and uterine tube

liver, small intestine, and colon

kidneys, ureters, and bladder

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

pituitary, pineal, and thyroid glands

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

The spleen is an organ in the __________.

reproductive system

respiratory system

endocrine system

lymphatic system

nervous system

lymphatic system

Lymphatic System does what?

• Main function: Defends the body against infection and disease.

• Also responsible for: Returning excess fluid to the bloodstream and absorbing fats from the digestive tract.

🛡 Think: immune defense + fluid balance.

Endocrine system does what?

• Main function: Regulates body functions through hormones.

• Controls: Growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and more via glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and pancreas.

⚙ Think: long-term control through chemical messengers (hormones).

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

shivering to generate heat when body temperature is below normal

release of insulin to decrease a high level of glucose in the blood

release of glucagon to increase a lower-than-normal level of glucose in the blood

labor contractions causing the release of oxytocin, which results in an increase in the quantity of labor contractions

labor contractions causing the release of oxytocin, which results in an increase in the quantity of labor contractions

Which internal organ is NOT housed in the ventral body cavity?

spinal cord

lung

heart

stomach

spinal cord

Which two systems monitor the body for homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine

Which of the following body systems functions to produce blood cells?

skeletal

respiratory

urinary

reproductive

circulatory

skeletal

Which of the following is NOT a necessary human life function?

intelligence

responsiveness

metabolism

excretion

movement

intelligence

Which example best illustrates the principle of complementarity?

the set point of homeostasis

the hierarchical organization of the body

negative, but not positive, feedback mechanisms

Convolutions of the small intestines provides greater surface area for nutrient absorption.

Convolutions of the small intestines provides greater surface area for nutrient absorption.

Which membrane directly covers the heart?

parietal peritoneum

visceral pericardium

parietal pericardium

visceral pleura

visceral pericardium

The branch of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span is referred to as __________.

developmental anatomy

The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is a physiological ability known as __________.

responsiveness

Tissues are groups of similar __________ that have a common function.

cells

Which of the following events is NOT the result of a negative feedback mechanism?

blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

an increased respiratory rate when blood pH is elevated

decreased urine production when the blood pressure drops

sweating to help lower elevated body temperature

blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

Which of the following does NOT represent correct positioning when placing the body in the anatomical position?

The palms are facing forward.

The body is “standing at attention.”

The feet are slightly apart.

The thumbs are pointing medially.

The thumbs are pointing medially.

Which of the following is/are NOT included in the axial part of the body?

the neck

the trunk

the head

the upper limbs

the upper limbs

The median, or midsagittal, plane __________.

divides the body in two equal left and right sides along the midline

The body’s ability to provide nutrients to target tissues is a cooperative effort between which two body systems?

nervous and endocrine

integumentary and lymphatic

digestive and cardiovascular

digestive and urinary

digestive and cardiovascular

The body cavity that houses the lungs is known as the __________.

pleural cavity

If you know that the appendix lies in the right lower part of the trunk, you could also say it lies in the __________.

right inguinal region

right hypochondriac region

umbilical region

hypogastric region

right inguinal region

Which of the following is/are housed in the orbital cavity?

olfactory epithelium

eye

teeth

middle ear ossicles

eye

All the following are true about serous fluid EXCEPT that __________.

it fills the potential space between the visceral and parietal serosa

it is secreted by both visceral and parietal serosa

it increases the friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated

it allows freedom of movement between the two layers of serosa

it increases the friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated

The cavity between articulating bones at most joints is known as the __________.

synovial cavity

orbital cavity

pleural cavity

retroperitoneal cavity

synovial cavity

Which term best describes the metabolic process of cells making more complex molecules from simpler substances?

anabolism

Which of the following best defines physiology?

the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

the study of tissues

the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Which of the following best describes gross, or macroscopic, anatomy?

the study of structural changes caused by disease

the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

the study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout one's lifespan

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

(T/F) Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that deals with developmental changes that occur before birth.

T