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President Wilson’s initial reaction to war →
neutrality
President Wilson’s policies toward Latin America →
Monroe Doctrine
Pancho Villa rebellion of Mexican farmers →
believed new American government betrayed promise
Event that triggered war →
assassination of Archduke Franz
Germany reaction to blockade →
submarine blockade of Great Britain
Zimmerman telegram →
promised Mexico former territories if it declared war on Northern neighbor
Labor shortage from U.S. troops in 1917 →
expanded opportunities for women
U.S. women finally got vote in 1919 when →
Congress passed 19th Amendment
January 1918, President Wilson gave speech to Congress and described →
his Fourteen Points
Henry Cabot Lodge opposed Treaty Versailles because →
membership in League of Nations jeopardized nation’s freedom for foreign policy
Red scare of 1919 and 1920 →
reaction to labor unrest, Russian bolshevism
Like European immigrants and Black migrants, Mexicans →
found mix of opportunity and disappointment
Early-twentieth-century alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, which was formed as part of a complex network of military and diplomatic agreements intended to prevent war in Europe by balancing power
Triple Alliance
Early-twentieth-century alliance among Great Britain, France, and Russia. The Triple Entente stood opposed to the Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Lusitania
British passenger liner torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. The attack killed 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans. The incident challenged American neutrality during World War I and moved the United States a step closer to entering the war
Bolshevik
Russian revolutionary. Bolsheviks forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate and seized power in Russia in 1917. In a separate peace with Germany, the Bolshevik government withdrew Russia from World War I
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
U.S. armed forces under the command of General John Pershing who fought under a separate American command in Europe during World War I. They helped defeat Germany when they entered the conflict in full force in 1918
Eighteenth Amendment (prohibition) -
Constitutional amendment banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol. Congress passed the amendment in December 1917, and it went into effect in January 1920
Nineteenth Amendment (woman suffrage) -
Constitutional amendment granting women the vote. Congress passed the amendment in 1919, and it was ratified in August 1920. Like proponents of prohibition, the advocates of woman suffrage triumphed by linking their cause to the war
Fourteen Points -
Woodrow Wilson’s plan, proposed in 1918, to create a new democratic world order with lasting peace. WIlson’s plan affirmed basic liberal ideals, supported the right to self-determination, and called for the creation of a League of Nations. Wilson compromise don his plan at the 1919 Paris peace conference, and the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the resulting treaty
League of Nations -
International organization proposed in Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points that was designed to secure enduring peace and collective security through peaceful means. The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and the United States when the war ended
Versailles treaty -
Treaty signed on June 28, 1919, that ended World War I. The agreement redrew the world and assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, saddling it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages. Many Germans felt betrayed by the treaty
Red scare -
The widespread fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution that swept the United States in 1919 and resulted in suppression of dissent. Wartime repression of free speech, labor unrest, postwar recession, the difficult peacetime readjustment, and the Soviet establishment of the Comintern all contributed to the scare
Schenck v. United States -
1919 Supreme Court decision that upheld the conviction of socialist Charles Schenck for urging resistance to the draft during wartime. It established a “clear and present danger” test for restricting free speech
President Harding’s administration characterized by →
scandal that touched members of administration
Key factor in Henry Ford’s success →
government’s decision to increase spending on roads
Relatively new industry that fulfilled spiritual + emotional needs →
advertising
Flapper of 1920s →
challenge to typical gender roles
1920s American women held jobs as →
typists, salesclerks
“New woman” →
felt by all women
The outpouring of African American literature and art in NYC in the 1920s →
Harlem Renaissance
1927, Charles Lindbergh 1st to →
fly nonstop across Atlantic Ocean
Outcome of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial →
antiforeign hysteria rampant among many Americans
Highly publicized Scopes trial →
concerned the teaching of evolution
President Hoover believed that human problem of depression addressed by →
a voluntary recovery plan and limited government intervention in the form of public works projects and small federal loans to states
The outcome of a protest by three thousand farmers who dumped thousands of gallons of milk into ditches during the Great Depression was →
an increase in the public’s awareness of farmers’ grievances
Teapot Dome
Nickname for the scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $400,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. It was part of a larger pattern of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding’s presidency
Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 -
Treaty that committed Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and the United States to a reduction of naval forces, producing the world’s greatest success in disarmament up to that time
Welfare capitalism -
Popular programs for workers sponsored by employers in the 1920s. Some businesses improved safety and sanitation inside factories. They also instituted paid vacations and pension plans. This encouraged loyalty to companies and discouraged independent labor unions
Prohibition
The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into effect in January 1920 with the Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce. By the end of the 1920s, most Americans wished it to end, and it was finally repealed in 1933
New woman -
Alternative image of womanhood that came into the American mainstream in the 1920s. The mass media frequently portrayed young, college-educated women who drank, smoked, and wore skimpy dresses. New women also challenged American convictions about separate spheres for women and men and the sexual double standard
New Negro -
Term referring to African Americans who, thorugh the arts, challenged American racial hierarchy. The New Negro emerged in New York City in the 1920s, in what became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which produced dazzling literary, musical, and artistic talent
Johnson-Reed Act -
1924 law that severely restricted immigration tho the United States to no more than 161,000 a year, with quotas for each European nation. The racist restrictions were designed to staunch the flow of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and from Asia
Ku Klux Klan -
Secret society that first thwarted black freedom after the Civil War but was reborn in 1915 to fight against perceived threats posed by blacks, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews. The new Klan spread well beyond the South in the 1920s
Scopes trial -
1925 trial of John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for violating his state’s ban on teaching evolution. The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) -
Federal agency established by Herbert Hoover in 1932 to help American industry by lending government funds to endangered banks and corporations, which Hoover hoped would benefit people at the bottom through trickle-down economics. In practice, this strategy provided little help to the poor
Bonus Marchers -
World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to peacefully lobby for immediate payment for the pension (“bonus”) promised them in 1924. President Herbert Hoover feared that the veterans would set off riots and sent the U.S. Army to evict them from the city
Scottsboro Boys -
Nine African American youths who were arrested for the alleged rape of two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. After an all-white jury sentenced the young men to death, the Communist Party took action that saved them from the electric chair
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