Medical Model
concept that diseases psychological disorders have physical causes that an be diagnosed, treated, often through treatment in the hospital
Epigenetics
"in addition to" genetics. Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change
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Medical Model
concept that diseases psychological disorders have physical causes that an be diagnosed, treated, often through treatment in the hospital
Epigenetics
"in addition to" genetics. Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change
Immigrant paradox
mexican-american born in the U.S., mexican-americans who have recently immigrated are less risk for mental disorders
Anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Panic disorder
marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread where a person may experience terror with chest pain, choking, etc
Agoraphobia
fear/avoidance of public situations from which escape my be difficult
Phobias
anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear, and avoidance of specific objects, activity, or situation
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after trauma
Survivor resiliency
recovering from severe stress
Stimulus generalization
occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events
Glutamate
heightens activity in the brains alarm centers
Serotonin
influences sleep, mood, attending to threats
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors (likely to be hyperactive)
Major depressive disorder
disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or any others medical condition, 2 or more weeks and 5 or more symptoms, at least 1 of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
Bipolar disorder
disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Mania
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously judgment is common
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
people who are persistently irritable and who have frequent and recurring behavior outbursts
Norepinephrine
increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania
Social-cognitive perspective
how peoples assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive
Rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking out problems and their causes
Explanatory style
who or what they blame for their failures
Schizophrenia
disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expressions
Psychotic disorder
group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Delusions
a false belief, often a persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Flat affect
emotionless state of no apparent feeling
Impaired theory of mind
difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading other state of mind
Chronic schizophrenia
AKA process schizophrenia, a form of schizophrenia, in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
Acute schizophrenia
AKA reactive schizophrenia. Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event and has extended recovery times
Dissociative disorder
controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Fugue state
sudden loss of memories or change of identity
Dissociative identity disorder
rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct alternating personalities → multiple personality disorder
Personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
personality disorder in which a person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artist
Emotional intelligence
ability to understand, manage and perceive emotions
Anorexia nervosa
people (mostly girls) maintain starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
Bulimia nervosa
person binge eating (high calorie foods) followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior (i.e
Binge eating disorder
significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt but without the compensatory behavior for bulimia
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biomedical therapy
prescribed meds or procedures that act directly on a person's physiology
Eclectic
approach on psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Interpretation
analysts noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Transferring
patients transfer to the analyst of emotions, linked with other relationship (love/hatred for parent)
Psychodynamic therapists
theories that view personality with a focus on unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Client-centered therapy
humanistic therapy→Carl Rogers, the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth
Active listening
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies expressed feelings
Unconditional positive regard
caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Behavior therapies
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior
Counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
Exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, like systematic desensitization and VR exposure therapy, treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations to things they fear/avoid)
Systematic desensitization
type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Progressive relaxation
release tension in 1 muscle group after another, until achieved comfortable, complete relaxation
Virtual reality exposure therapy
counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creating electronic simulations in which people can safely face fears
Aversive conditioning
associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)
Token economy
operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desires behavior and can later exchange the token for privilege and treats
Cognitive therapies
therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Catastrophizing
relentless, overgeneralized, self blaming behavior
Stress inoculation training
teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Dialectical behavior therapy
helps change harmful, even suicidal behavior patterns
Group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
Family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at, other family members.
Effort justification
selective and biased recall and its making judgments that conform our beliefs
Meta-analysis
procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best part available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Psychopharmacology
study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Double blind procedure
when neither staff or patient knows if they are receiving drug or placebo
Antipsychotic drugs
drug used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of facial muscles (grimacing), tongue and limbs
Antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (depress central nervous system)
Mood stabilizing drugs
meds that make peoples moods stable, no manic highs or depressive lows
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)
stimulate cognitive abilities, depression treatment
Psychosurgery
surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Lobotomy
psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion centers of the inner brain
Resilience
personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Posttraumatic growth
positive psych changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Psychological disorder
syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior
rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)
application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate/suppress brain activity
Psychoanalysis
freud patients free associations, resistances, dreams, transferences and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain self insight
Catatonia
motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor - remaining motionless for hours - to senseless, compulsive actions (rocking/rubbing your arm until it is raw)
ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
psych disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity