Unit 10: illness & treatment

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Medical Model

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concept that diseases psychological disorders have physical causes that an be diagnosed, treated, often through treatment in the hospital

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Epigenetics

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"in addition to" genetics. Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change

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85 Terms

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Medical Model

concept that diseases psychological disorders have physical causes that an be diagnosed, treated, often through treatment in the hospital

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Epigenetics

"in addition to" genetics. Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change

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Immigrant paradox

mexican-american born in the U.S., mexican-americans who have recently immigrated are less risk for mental disorders

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Anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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Panic disorder

marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread where a person may experience terror with chest pain, choking, etc

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Agoraphobia

fear/avoidance of public situations from which escape my be difficult

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Phobias

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear, and avoidance of specific objects, activity, or situation

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after trauma

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Survivor resiliency

recovering from severe stress

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Stimulus generalization

occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events

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Glutamate

heightens activity in the brains alarm centers

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Serotonin

influences sleep, mood, attending to threats

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Anterior Cingulate Cortex

brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors (likely to be hyperactive)

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Major depressive disorder

disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or any others medical condition, 2 or more weeks and 5 or more symptoms, at least 1 of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

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Bipolar disorder

disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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Mania

hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously judgment is common

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Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

people who are persistently irritable and who have frequent and recurring behavior outbursts

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Norepinephrine

increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania

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Social-cognitive perspective

how peoples assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive

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Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking out problems and their causes

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Explanatory style

who or what they blame for their failures

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Schizophrenia

disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expressions

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Psychotic disorder

group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

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Delusions

a false belief, often a persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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Flat affect

emotionless state of no apparent feeling

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Impaired theory of mind

difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading other state of mind

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Chronic schizophrenia

AKA process schizophrenia, a form of schizophrenia, in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

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Acute schizophrenia

AKA reactive schizophrenia. Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event and has extended recovery times

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Dissociative disorder

controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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Fugue state

sudden loss of memories or change of identity

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Dissociative identity disorder

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct alternating personalities → multiple personality disorder

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Personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder in which a person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artist

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Emotional intelligence

ability to understand, manage and perceive emotions

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Anorexia nervosa

people (mostly girls) maintain starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

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Bulimia nervosa

person binge eating (high calorie foods) followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior (i.e

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Binge eating disorder

significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt but without the compensatory behavior for bulimia

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Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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Biomedical therapy

prescribed meds or procedures that act directly on a person's physiology

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Eclectic

approach on psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Resistance

blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Interpretation

analysts noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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Transferring

patients transfer to the analyst of emotions, linked with other relationship (love/hatred for parent)

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Psychodynamic therapists

theories that view personality with a focus on unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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Insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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Client-centered therapy

humanistic therapy→Carl Rogers, the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth

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Active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies expressed feelings

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Unconditional positive regard

caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

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Behavior therapies

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

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Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

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Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, like systematic desensitization and VR exposure therapy, treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations to things they fear/avoid)

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Systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Progressive relaxation

release tension in 1 muscle group after another, until achieved comfortable, complete relaxation

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Virtual reality exposure therapy

counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creating electronic simulations in which people can safely face fears

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Aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

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Token economy

operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desires behavior and can later exchange the token for privilege and treats

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Cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Catastrophizing

relentless, overgeneralized, self blaming behavior

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Stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Dialectical behavior therapy

helps change harmful, even suicidal behavior patterns

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Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

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Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at, other family members.

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Effort justification

selective and biased recall and its making judgments that conform our beliefs

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Meta-analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best part available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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Psychopharmacology

study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Double blind procedure

when neither staff or patient knows if they are receiving drug or placebo

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Antipsychotic drugs

drug used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

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Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of facial muscles (grimacing), tongue and limbs

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Antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (depress central nervous system)

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Mood stabilizing drugs

meds that make peoples moods stable, no manic highs or depressive lows

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)

stimulate cognitive abilities, depression treatment

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Psychosurgery

surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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Lobotomy

psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion centers of the inner brain

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Resilience

personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

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Posttraumatic growth

positive psych changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

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Psychological disorder

syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior

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rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)

application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate/suppress brain activity

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Psychoanalysis

freud  patients free associations, resistances, dreams, transferences and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain self insight

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Catatonia

motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor - remaining motionless for hours - to senseless, compulsive actions (rocking/rubbing your arm until it is raw)

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ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)

 psych disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity