Unit 10: illness & treatment

Medical Model

concept that diseases psychological disorders have physical causes that an be diagnosed, treated, often through treatment in the hospital

Epigenetics

"in addition to" genetics. Study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change

Immigrant paradox

mexican-american born in the U.S., mexican-americans who have recently immigrated are less risk for mental disorders

Anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic disorder

marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread where a person may experience terror with chest pain, choking, etc

Agoraphobia

fear/avoidance of public situations from which escape my be difficult

Phobias

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear, and avoidance of specific objects, activity, or situation

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after trauma

Survivor resiliency

recovering from severe stress

Stimulus generalization

occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events

Glutamate

heightens activity in the brains alarm centers

Serotonin

influences sleep, mood, attending to threats

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors (likely to be hyperactive)

Major depressive disorder

disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or any others medical condition, 2 or more weeks and 5 or more symptoms, at least 1 of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

Bipolar disorder

disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Mania

hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously judgment is common

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

people who are persistently irritable and who have frequent and recurring behavior outbursts

Norepinephrine

increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania

Social-cognitive perspective

how peoples assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive

Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking out problems and their causes

Explanatory style

who or what they blame for their failures

Schizophrenia

disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expressions

Psychotic disorder

group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Delusions

a false belief, often a persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Flat affect

emotionless state of no apparent feeling

Impaired theory of mind

difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading other state of mind

Chronic schizophrenia

AKA process schizophrenia, a form of schizophrenia, in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

Acute schizophrenia

AKA reactive schizophrenia. Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event and has extended recovery times

Dissociative disorder

controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Fugue state

sudden loss of memories or change of identity

Dissociative identity disorder

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct alternating personalities → multiple personality disorder

Personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder in which a person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artist

Emotional intelligence

ability to understand, manage and perceive emotions

Anorexia nervosa

people (mostly girls) maintain starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Bulimia nervosa

person binge eating (high calorie foods) followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior (i.e

Binge eating disorder

significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt but without the compensatory behavior for bulimia

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Biomedical therapy

prescribed meds or procedures that act directly on a person's physiology

Eclectic

approach on psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Resistance

blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Interpretation

analysts noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Transferring

patients transfer to the analyst of emotions, linked with other relationship (love/hatred for parent)

Psychodynamic therapists

theories that view personality with a focus on unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a persons awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Client-centered therapy

humanistic therapy→Carl Rogers, the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth

Active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies expressed feelings

Unconditional positive regard

caring, accepting, non judgemental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Behavior therapies

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, like systematic desensitization and VR exposure therapy, treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations to things they fear/avoid)

Systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Progressive relaxation

release tension in 1 muscle group after another, until achieved comfortable, complete relaxation

Virtual reality exposure therapy

counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creating electronic simulations in which people can safely face fears

Aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

Token economy

operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desires behavior and can later exchange the token for privilege and treats

Cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Catastrophizing

relentless, overgeneralized, self blaming behavior

Stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Dialectical behavior therapy

helps change harmful, even suicidal behavior patterns

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at, other family members.

Effort justification

selective and biased recall and its making judgments that conform our beliefs

Meta-analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best part available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Psychopharmacology

study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Double blind procedure

when neither staff or patient knows if they are receiving drug or placebo

Antipsychotic drugs

drug used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of facial muscles (grimacing), tongue and limbs

Antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (depress central nervous system)

Mood stabilizing drugs

meds that make peoples moods stable, no manic highs or depressive lows

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)

stimulate cognitive abilities, depression treatment

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy

psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion centers of the inner brain

Resilience

personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Posttraumatic growth

positive psych changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Psychological disorder

syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation)

application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate/suppress brain activity

Psychoanalysis

**freud**  patients free associations, resistances, dreams, transferences and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain self insight

Catatonia

motor behaviors ranging from a physical stupor - remaining motionless for hours - to senseless, compulsive actions (rocking/rubbing your arm until it is raw)

**ADHD (**attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)

 psych disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity