History Classical Greece- Module 5 (eleanors version)

acropolis

-fortified hilltop

where citizens discuss politics; see everything going on in the city; if attacked; have the high ground

alexandria

-City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization

-blend of Egypt and Aegean

-popular place to trade

classical art

-the art of ancient Greece, in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized

-sculptors of the Golden Age aimed to make figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed; faces were serenity

-not realism; ideal beauty

Crete/Minoans

-first Greek civilization

-largest island in Greece

-Minoans

-sea traders

-ended by volcanic eruption/tsunami and invasions

-east of Mediterranean sea

delian league

-an alliance formed by several greek city-states after the persian war

-Athens leader; later lead to peloponnesian war due to resentment of power

-tension over spending of funds

hellenism

-bending of greek, persian, egyptian, and indian cultures

-language: Konie

-democracy to monarchy

-Women had more right; right for education and owning property, yet still not legally equal

-Science and math began to flourish

-philosophy was changing

importance of geography

-shaped Greek life

-all the islands made it hard to be one united state

Greece was a mountainous pennisnula

Importance of the sea

-liverd around the sea rather than on land

-linked most parts of greece

-connected greece with other societies as they got more skilled

-lacked timber, precious metals, usable farmland

Importance of Land

-mountains divided land causing independent communities rather than single government

-land transportation NOT COMMON

-unusable farmland encouraged greeks to look else where to colonize

Importance of Climate

-varied climate- 48 degrees in winter and 80 in summer

-moderate temp; supported their outdoor lifestyle

mythology

-explained natural mysteries and human qualities and the power of human passions

-greeks created myths about their Gods

-gods based on human qualities: love, hate, and jealousy

Phalanx

16 men across, 16 deep; armed with 18 foot pikes

-used by Greeks

-perfected by Macedonians

polis

-City states

-Political unity

-tribal/family clans

-Fundamental political unit in ancient greece

-citizens gather in the agora at the acropolis to discuss government

socratic method

-method of questioning

-argumentative dialogue based on asking and answering questions

-created by Socrates

governments

Monarchy: 1 king

Oligarchy- multiple powerful people rule

Aristocracy- noble landowning families rule

Tyrant: rulers who work for the interest of the people

golden age advancements

-(art,democracy, architecture, philosophy, science and math, drama)

-Athens, greece

hellenistic advancements

(art, architecture, math and science, philosophy)

alexander the great

-Son of Phillip ll

-Taught by aristotle

-Strong military leader

-Adopted persian dress and customs

-created hellenism

-wanted to conquer Persia

archimedes

-scientist

-estimated the value of pi

-explained the law of the lever

- archedemes screw

-pulley

• still use his ideas today

aristotle

-student of plato

-taught that logic was a tool for inquiry

-questioned nature of the world and human belief, thought and knowledge

-student was Alexander the Great

Cleisthenes

-10 groups based on region

-council of 500

-Assembly can submit laws

- one of the people who developed Athenian gov

-citizens included free adult males

Darius III

-persian king (during Alexander the Great time)

-tried to negotiate truce with alexander the great

• he denied

-fled one of battles wtih Alexander

Darius the Great

king of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

-FIRST DARIUS (OG DARIUS)

Dorians

-greek speaking people

-migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization

-location: Peloponnesus and Crete

-less advanced= economy to collapse

- no written record; lots of art and writing lost in this era

draco

-a leader of athens that took the first step toward Democracy

-everyone equal under the law

-harsh towards criminals

euclid

-highly regarded mathematician who taught Alexandria

-geometry

-Book of elements contained methematical propositions and proofs

Homer

-greatest storyteller; wrote epics celebrating heroism

composed narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

(between 750 and 700 BCE)

-blind/blink poet

Importance/ Goal of writing the Iliad and Odyssey:

• made history idealistic

• leads to golden age of ideals

• women pursue excellence

• heroism

  • protect family

  • reputation

minoans

lived on the Greek island of Crete

-created a civilation

- power in mediterranean world

-bronze age

-sea trader

-linear B

-ended from volcanic eruption/ tsunami; invation’s as well

Mycenean

-fought with troy in the trojan war

-impacting of all Greece society by their new inventions and influence on writing and art

-fortified city; surrounded by 20 ft thick wall

-indo-europeans

-mainland greece and peloponnesus

-seaborn trade

-ended by invations

Pericles

-helped strengthen Athenian democracy

-lead Athens into its golden age

3 goals

1. Strengthen democracy; Paid officials

2. Strengthen empire

3. Glorify Athens

-Used money from Delian league for Athens navy and beautifying city

-lead athens in Peloponnesian war till he died from plauge

Phillip II

- king of Macedonia

-brilliant general and ruthless politican

-transformed peasants into professional army

-made successful tactics → prepared to invade Greece

Plato

-Greek Philosopher; a student of Socrates

-Started school in Athens called the Academy

-Wrote the book "The Republic"

• based on his ideal government

role of women

-Athenian girls, at home, they were taught how to become good wives and mothers as they practiced child-rearing, weaving cloths, managing the household, and much more

-spartan women- be responsible of the household when the men left the house for military

-Hellenism women- had more right, right to be educated and own property; legally NOT equal

socrates

-absolute standards did not exist for truth and justice

-Greek philosopher of Athens

-Teaching style based on asking questions

-Sentenced to death

-encouraged greeks to question morals

solon

-Outlawed debt slavery

-4 social classes based on wealth

-Top 3 could hold political office

-All can be part of assemble

-any citizen can be chared for wrongs

xerxes

- King of Persia

-his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks.

-Son of darius the great

-vowed revenge on the Athenians

-led during Thermoplyae and Salamis

athens vs sparta

-Declared war in 431 BCE

-Spartans marched into athenian

-Burnt athenian supply

-Plague swept through Atehns, killed ⅓ of population+ pericles

-signed truce but athens envaded island of sicily- city state of -syracuse- spartas wealthisest allies

-404 BCE- athenians+allies surrendered

-Both athens+sparta could not act as Greece's dominant power

-athens = navy; sparta= army

battle of marathon

Persia sent 25k men who were no match for Athens 10k phalanx despite outnumbering

-phedippides dash back to Athens to alert Athenians

-Greek defend

-Persians retreat

bonze age

-Weapons and tools made with Bronze

-Only the rich could afford it, so poor citizens couldn't go to war and defend themselves.

peloponnesian war

athens vs. sparta

perecles strat= avoid land battle

spartnas burn athen food supply

after fighting for years, signed truce

truce broken 6 years later- battle of syracuse

9 years later surrendering of both sides

athens surrender; caused both parties to lose power and wealth

Macedonia ended up taking over

perisan war

-Persia (Asia Minor) vs. Greece

-Darius the Great: Persian king

-Responding to a revolt from Ionian Greeks

-Athens aided Ionia, darius wanted revenge

trojan war

-War between mycenae and troy

-Archeological studies support legendary stories of war

-Greeks go after Troy bc trojan prince kidnapped Greek queen Hellen

-Battle between city of troy and Mycenaeans

-Trojan Horse

-10 year

trace the groups of people in Greece

-minoans

-mycenaeans

-athenians, spartans, persians

-hellenists

compare and contrast Athens and Sparta

Athens

-focused on the arts

-strong navy

Sparta

-focused on military

-strong army

trace the government in Athens

-draco

-solon

-Cleisthenes

aristocracy

-Pericles

democracy

Monarchy

• single person ruled government

• hereditary

• rulers claim divine right

• Mycenae 2000 BCE

Aristocracy

• noble landowning families rule

• hereditary/ family ties, social rank, wealth

• Athens before 549 BCE

Oligarchy

• ruled by a small group of powerful citizens

• formed after wealthy merchants were unsatisfied with aristocracy

• based on wealth or ability

• Sparta 500 BCE

Democracy

• ruled by citizens

• based on citizenship

• voting system

• Athens 500 BCE

  • formed after power struggles between rich and poor

Tyrant

• rulers who work for the interests of the people

• looked up to as leaders

  • supported the interest of citizens

• NOT harsh or cruel

• building programs to provide jobs and housing for their supporters

Golden Age of Advancements: Art

• classical art: harmony, order, balance, and proportion

• painting, pottery, and murals

• lyric poetry

  • named after lyre, music instrument, played during the reading of poems

  • emotions and desire

  • Pindar- lyric poet

Golden Age of Advancements: Architecture

Parthenon

• 23,000 square feet

• traditional style

  • doors, no windows

• Columns with scenes with Greek Myths engraved

• Painted vividly

• Built to honor Athena

• Phidias built it

• 30 ft statue of Athena made of gold, silver, and Ivory

Golden Age of Advancements: Philosophy

• great thinkers of this time called Philosophers (meaning love and wisdom)

  • people can understand understand natural laws through logic and reason

  • formed as they began to question their values

• based off universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws

Golden Age of Advancements: Drama

• expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods

• wealthy citizens funded plays

• Tragedy

  • a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal

• Comedy

  • slapstick (fall down laughter) and crude humor

  • freedom of discussion shown because of acceptance of making fun of themselves in plays

• type of theater Amphitheaters

Golden Age of Advancements: History

Herodotus one of the first to record accurate events; book on Persian wars first work of history

Thucydides greatest historian of classical age

Xenophon a soldier and philosopher; focused on describing famous men

Hellenistic Advancements: Art

• Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities purchased statues

  • honor gods

• largest statue in Hellenistic Colossus of Rhodes

• Hellenistic sculptors created more natural works; EX: old, wrinkled peasant woman

Hellenistic Advancements: Architecture

• Alexander’s glass coffin in tomb

• Stone lighthouse called Pharos

• Most famous museum and library

  • museum dedicated to muses

    • art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, and dining hall

  • library had over 500k+ papyrus scrolls

    • first research library in the world

Hellenistic Advancements: Science

• preserved Greek and Egyptian science until 16-17 century

• Alexandrian people brought most science knowledge to the west

Hellenistic Advancements: Astronomy

• Aristarchus

  • concluded sun was 300x earth

  • earth and other planets revolved around the sun

• Ptolemy (2nd century AD)

  • incorrectly placed the Earth in the center of universe

  • astronomers accepted this for 14 centuries

• Eratosthenes

  • calculated size of earth using Geometry

  • circumference 28,000 and 29,000 miles

    • modern = 24,860 miles

Hellenistic Advancements: Philosophy

• Zeno

  • founded the school of philosophy, Stoicism

    • live virtuous lives in harmony will of God or the natural laws God established to run the universe

    • control desires

  • focus on what you can control

• Epicurus

  • founded the school of thought called Epicureanism

    • greatest good comes from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain

  main goal = achieve harmony of body and mind

Sophists

question peoples unexamined beliefs