Intro to Communication Disorders Exam 3 Study Guide

Moral model

• Past moral model

  • Tension between good and evil

  • Unfortunate situations are evidence of hidden/covert evil

  • Physical deformities are due to immoral behavior by parents

  • Intellectual disabilities - evil of the individual or family

  • Children were institutionalized or hidden (or killed)

  • Adults were ostracized, outcast (became “beggars”)

• Later moral model

  • Disabled people are righteous and blameless

  • Here to teach us

    • To be used for God’s work

    • Charity, pity, object of sympathy

    • Only given to those “strong enough to handle it”

    • Givers rise to the inspiration model

medical model

• Disability as an individual problem

• advances in science/ “rationality”

  • Still intrinsically negative

  • Disability is a personal tragedy

  • Not moral, biomedical problem

• Biomedical problems

  • Make people incapable of performing in society

  • Require a cure

  • Disability is a social problem

  • The problem of disability lies in the bodies of PWD

• Focus for person with disability (PWD)

  • Focus on treatment or cure

  • PWD must assume the “sick” role

  • Not responsible for typical roles in family/community

  • Need to comply with expert recommendations

• Focus for non disabled persons

  • Champion the “needs” of PWD

  • Fundraiser for “cure” or “eradication”

  • Search for genetic markers, causes

  • Detective and eliminate

social model

• Disability as a mismatch between person and environment

• emphasis on external barriers for disabled people

• Key obstacles for PWD is attitudes of prejudice and discrimination

• Individual ISN’T the problem; society is

• Disability is neutral - not negative, just a different way of existing

• Focus isn’t on cure or moral failing

• Disability is a social construct - artificially created like gender

• Criticisms of the social model

  • Minimizes actual physical issues of disability

  • Pain, fatigue, barriers

  • Leaves no actual criteria for benefits or for changed expectations

“ugly laws”

• banned disabled people from public spaces, reflecting societal prejudices

• Rise of “ugly laws” targeting visible disabilities in public

Aktion Tiergartenstrasse (T-4) Program

• The T-4 program was a program that killed thousands of children and adults with disabilities, no matter the type or severity of the disability

• This program was carried out during WWII by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis

disability advocates

• Louis Braille : developed the Braille system, enabling literacy for the blind, despite initial resistance

• Alexander Graham Bell : promoted oralism over sign language, challenging Deaf cultural identity

• Helen Keller : social justice, women’s suffrage, disability rights

• Jerry Lewis : champion the “needs” of PWD

• Ed Robert’s : fought for access to education and housing, promoted autonomy, dignity, and peer support, formed rolling quads and founded first community independent living

• Judy Heumann : 504 Sit-in, policy leader

• Justin Dart Jr. : ADA advocacy

• Bob Kafka : ADAPT and transportation access

• Carol Gill : framed disability as culture

• Steven E. Brown : gross disability unity

• Paul Longmore : merged activism with academia

• John Callahan : known for dark, irreverent humor, used humor to critique stereotypes

Smith sears veteran rehabilitation act (1918)

• first federal rehab legislation in the US

• Provided vocational rehab for injured WWI veterans

• Administered by the Federal board of Vocational Education

• Aimed to return veterans to “productive” civilian employment

smith fess act civilian vocational rehabilitation act (1920)

• extended vocational rehab services to civilians with disabilities

• Created partnerships between federal and state agencies

• Addressed workplace - acquired disabilities in peacetime

• Funding gaps and racial inequities limited its reach

vocational rehabilitation act (1950)

• provided rehab services for both combat and non-combat veterans

• Expanded federal investment in vocational training

• Administered by the Veterans Administration system

• Strengthened institutional infrastructure for rehab services

rehabilitation act (1973)

• Overview

  • First major civil rights law for disabled Americans

  • Prohibited discrimination in federally funded programs

  • Introduced key provisions: sections 501, 503, 504, and later 508

  • Laid the legal foundation for future legislation like the ADA

• section 501 : federal employment

  • Prohibits discrimination in federal hiring

  • Requires affirmative action for disabled applicants

  • Mandates reasonable accommodations in federal workplaces

  • Applies to all federal departments and agencies

• Section 504 : federally funded programs

  • Prohibits disability discrimination in any program receiving federal funds

  • Applies to public education, healthcare, transportation, housing, etc.

  • Basis for many K-12 and higher ed accessibility protections

  • First law to declare that access is a civil right

• Section 508 : digital and information technology access

  • Added via 1986 amendments to the Rehabilitation Act

  • Required federal agencies to ensure digital accessibility

  • Applies to websites, documents, apps, and public facing materials

  • Influenced broader conversations on web and tech access

rehabilitation act reauthorization (1986)

• changed special education services by authorizing programs for early intervention for infants and toddlers with disabilities

Americans with disabilities act (1990)

• Overview

  • Extended anti-discrimination protections to private businesses

  • Covered employment (Title 1), public accommodations (title III), and more

  • Based on rehabilitation act but broadened in scope

  • Widely recognized as landmark civil rights legislation

• public accommodation

  • any private businesses or facility open to the public

  • Includes restaurants, theaters, retail stores, hotels, parks, etc.

  • Covered under Title III of the ADA

  • Required to be accessible to people with disabilities

• Education

  • Educational housing must follow ADA and 504 requirements

  • Equal access to education is protected under federal law

  • Education enables full participation in society

  • Disparities persist in both K-12 and higher ed

  • Legal frameworks promote inclusions, not just access

beattie vs board of education of antigo, Wisconsin

• Merritt Beattie had difficulty walking, speaking, and drooling uncontrollably, which caused disruptions and required excessive attention from teachers and other students

• The school board initially placed him in a special school, but the court ultimately sided with the board's decision to exclude him entirely 

brown vs. board of education of Topeka, Kansas

• declared state sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional

PARC vs. commonwealth of Pennsylvania

• the state of Pennsylvania was ordered to provide free public education to all children, including those with disabilities

• This case established the foundation for the right to education for all children with disabilities, which was later codified in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

mills v. Board of education of District of Columbia

• U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that students with disabilities have a right to a free public education, regardless of the cost of accommodations

• This landmark decision established the principle that denying education to students with disabilities based on the cost of necessary accommodations is unconstitutional

1975 education for all handicapped children act

• first law mandating special education services

EAHCA reauthorization - 1985, 1990

• 1985

  • Mandated preschool programs for children with disabilities aged 3-5

  • Created the Early Intervention State Grant program for infants and toddlers

  • Expanded and improved other discretionary programs within the EHA

• 1990

  • Reauthorized and renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

  • Added autism and TBI as eligible disability categories

  • mandating transition planning for students aged 16 and older to help prepare them for post school life

  • Emphasized assistive technology

IDEA 2000s, 2010s, and beyond

• mandates special education services for K-12 settings

• Requires development of individualized education programs (IEPs)

• Covers 13 categories of disability

• Supports education in the least restrictive environment

• Provides access to the general education curriculum

  • Individualized approaches that support learning and high achievement with increasing opportunities for students with disabilities, alongside their nondisabled classmates

definition of disability from rehab act of 1973

section 504 education plan

• applies to all public schools and federally funded schools

• Requires Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

• Implemented through individualized 504 plans

• Covers physical, instructional, and communication access

• Section 504 and ADA apply to colleges and universities

• Students must self disclose and request accommodations

• Supports include note takers, extended time, alt formats

• Institutions must ensure equal opportunity - not guaranteed outcomes

• Physical accessibility in schools

  • Buildings must be accessible to students, staff, and visitors

  • Common issues: entrances, restrooms, stages, labs, gyms

  • New construction must meet ADA standards

  • Barrier removal required when readily achievable

• Digital access in educational environments

  • Covers software, learning platforms, and communication tools

  • Requires captioning, screen reader compatibility, alt text

  • Inaccessible content creates inequitable learning conditions

individual education plan

A legal document that outlines the special education, supports, and services a student with a disability needs to succeed in school

reasonable accomodation

• modified work schedules or remote options

• Screen readers, accessible software, or physical aids

• Adjusted duties or task reassignment

• Interpreter services or written communication supports

free appropriate public education

Guarantees that students with disabilities have the right to a publicly funded, specialized education tailored to their individual needs

Least restrictive environment

A principle in special education requiring that students with disabilities be educated with their non disabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate

ableism

• prejudice against disabled people, types of ableism (explicit vs. implicit) and everyday examples

• Ableist language : any word or phase that devalues disabled people

  • Often commonly used in society without though to refer to something negative

  • Ex: “She’s just so blind when it come to dating”

stigma

• Negative attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes held towards individuals or groups based on a perceived characteristic that is considered a disadvantage or deficiency

• an attribute that is deeply discrediting that diminishes one from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one

Inspiration porn

• objectifying disabled people to inspire non disabled people, examples, and effects

• a label that insiders have given to portrayals that objectify disabled people at the sensationalize end of the continuum

• Encourages pitying behaviors and attitudes towards people with disabilities

Ableist microaggressions (all types)

• denial of experience : the minimization of disability or invalidation that disabled people encounter ableism

  • ignoring actual needs (accommodation, etc.)

  • Ex: “oh, you don’t look disabled”

• Expectation of helplessness : refers to the expectation that people with disabilities are in constant need of help across all domains of life NOT capable of independence

  • Ex: someone says “oh here, let me get that door for you,” as PWD is reaching for the door handle already

• Patronizing/infantilizing : the experience of being treated as a child, or infantilized, as a person with a disability 

• Secondary gain : refers to the idea that nondisabled people may benefit from assisting people with disabilities by attaining praise or recognition, or alternatively expressing pity toward a disabled person to feel better about oneself 

  • getting benefit (esp. with hidden disability)

• Second class citizen

• Desexualization : removing or minimizing sexual characteristics, behaviors, or connotations because of a disability

  • Ex: “So… are you able to … you know … does it work?”

• Spiritual intervention : outsiders approach disabled people with religiosity, perhaps by promising to pray for or even attempting to pray over a disabled individual 

  • “I will pray for you”

  • Ex: “God will make your body perfect in heaven”

• Denial of privacy : is a socially sanctioned intrusion into intimate details of disabled people's lives without regard to social courtesy afforded to nondisabled people

  • asking intrusive questions, invading space/touching without consent

  • Ex: “So, what happened to you that you’re in a wheelchair”

• Denial of personal identity : occurs when outsiders overfocus on disability to the exclusion of all other personal identities 

ableist slurs

• a word or phrase used to insult or demean someone based on their disability

• Examples : cripple, midget, r-word

• Ex: “I love that show with the midget”

euphemism

• try to find “less offensive” terms than “disability”

• Superficial terms that don’t make change in stigma

• Cover up the reality of social oppression faced by disabled persons

• Can be infantilizing

• Examples: “differently abled,” “physically challenged,” “handicapable,” “special needs”

  • “This is the special needs classroom”

person first language v. Identify first language

• person first

  • Intended to decrease prejudice, decrease the “medicalization” of people (seeing them as diagnoses)

  • Positive intention, but is awkward grammatically, adds length to written words which often end up abbreviated as PWD

  • Not clear that is has actually improved anything

  • Example: “I teach students with autism”

• Identify first

  • AKA : disability first language

  • Proposed by disabled people to claim disabled identity without shame

  • Some Deaf persons, autistic persons, blind persons have claimed this as central to their identity

  • Example: autistic student support services may include peer job coaching

second class citizen

• Limited access to physical spaces or societal institutions

• refers to the treatment of disabled people in ways that presume a lesser right to equal access and opportunity

Patronization

• the experience of being treated as a child, or infantilized, as a person with a disability 

Secondary gain

• refers to the idea that nondisabled people may benefit from assisting people with disabilities by attaining praise or recognition, or alternatively expressing pity toward a disabled person to feel better about oneself 

  • getting benefit (esp. with hidden disability)

assumed helplessness

• refers to the expectation that people with disabilities are in constant need of help across all domains of life NOT capable of independence

  • Ex: someone says “oh here, let me get that door for you,” as PWD is reaching for the door handle already

What changes resulted to disability services after the US Civil War? WWI? WWII?

How did the eugenics movement impact disabled Americans?

What was the Buck v. Bell decision?

Discuss the way the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act are related?

What is the intent of inspiration porn? Why is it a problem for disabled and non disabled persons?

What were the problems with institutional care in the US in the mid 20th century? How did the Independent Living movement respond to institutional care?

Compare and contrast how disability was viewed in the early mortal model and the late moral model

What was the EACHA act, when was it passed, and what did it do? What is it known as today?

What components are required under a 504 vs. an IEP?

Define the following terms according to the WHO-ICF Biopsychosocial Model of Disability

• impairment

• Disability

• Handicap

• Functioning

• Activity limitations

• Participation restriction

what are environmental, contextual, and personal factors in the biopsychosocial model of disability? How do they influence the experience of disability?

The professional of speech-language pathology & audiology

• educational requirements

• Licensure

• Credentials