BIOL 3320 Lab 2

What is cytology?

The study of cells

Cell

The smallest unit of the life

Cholesterol

A steroid that stabilizes the membrane’s structure in the face of changing temperatures cell recognized by glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Where is the peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?

1; located only on one face of the membrane.

Phospholipid layer

2

Where is the integral proteins in the plasma membrane?

3; spans the width of the membrane

Cytoplasm

The material inside the cell consists of cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles.

Nucleus

The center of the cell’s biosynthetic center that directs the synthesis of almost all proteins and certain nucleic acids.

Nucleolus

The dark-staining region is also known as the birthplace of ribosomes.

Mitochondrion

Bean-shaped and produces the bulk of the cell’s ATP (energy) through the breakdown of glucose and fatty acids. The double surrounding membrane is the matrix.

Ribosomes

The small, granular ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell, which are composed of subunits and RNA.

Peroxisomes

The small, membrane-enclosed organelles contain enzymes that catalyze reactions that metabolize certain types of fatty acids.

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Rough ER

Has ribosomes on its surface and is responsible for protein synthesis and modification.

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flattened sacs near the RER. Its membrane-enclosed sacs receive vesicles from the RER and modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Lysosomes

membrane-enclosed vesicular organelles filled with digestive enzymes that catalyze reactions.

Centrioles

Paired organelles composed of microtubules that are centered in the cell, called the centrosome, appear to be microtubule-organizing centers and assembling/disassemble microtubules.

Cillia

Small hair-like extensions that beat rhythmically together and propel substances past the cell and are abundant in the respiratory tract. (Acts like tiny brooms)

Flagella

Single extensions that propel the cell itself (only found in sperm cells)

Vesicle

act as the cell's transport, storage, and waste disposal system, moving substances like proteins and lipids between organelles, out of the cell (secretion), or bringing things in (uptake)

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of the cell

Microvilli

Folded into projections where rapid absorption is needed to increase its surface area.

Cytoskeleton

A collection of protein filaments, including actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Actin Filaments

Small filaments are located along the plasma membrane and in the core of the microvilli.

Cystol

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm contains water, solutes, RNA, enzymes, and other proteins.

Intermediate Filaments

Rope-like structures that maintain the shape of organelles and the nucleus, and give the cell its strength.

Microtubules

The largest filaments are hollow tubes that maintain the shape of the cell, hold organelles in place, move substances within the cell, and function in cell division. They also form cilia and flagella.

Chromatin

A ball-like mass of tightly coiled DNA and proteins

Nuclear pores

The holes in the nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Matrix

Mitochondrial DNA

Inner membrane

Inter-membrane Space

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Phagocytes

Cells that are immune to lysosomes that ingest and digest damaged cells, foreign cells like bacteria, and are infected with viruses that have a large number of lysosomes.

Name the five components of the plasma membrane

1. Phospholipid layer

2. Integral Proteins

3. Peripheral Proteins

4. Carbohydrates

5. Microvilli

Name the 5 components of the cytoskeleton

1. Actin Filaments

2. Intermediate Filaments

3. Microtubules

4. Cilia

5. Flagella

Name the 8 components of the cytoplasmic organelles

1. Ribosomes

2. Peroxisomes

3. Mitochondria

4. Smooth ER

5. Rough ER

6. Golgi Apparatus

7. Lysosomes

8. Centrioles

Name the 4 components of the nucleus

1. Nuclear Envelope

2. Nuclear Pores

3. Chromatin

4. Nucleolus

What magnification level are the Red Blood Cells?

4x

What magnification level are the Red Blood Cells?

10x

What magnification level are the Red Blood Cells?

40x

What magnification level are the Sperm Cells?

4x

What magnification level are the Sperm Cells?

10x

What magnification level are the Sperm Cells?

40x

What magnification level are the Skeletal Muscle Cells?

4x

What magnification level are the Skeletal Muscles?

10x

What magnification level are the Skeletal Muscle Cells?

40x

Where are the platelets?

Where are the Leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Where are the Erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Where is the plasma (liquid extracellular matrix) in the red blood cell?

Where are the striations in the skeletal tissue?

Where are the skeletal muscles?

Where are nuclei in the skeletal muscle cell?

Where is the endomysium in the skeletal muscle cell?

Osmosis

Refers to the movement of the solvent from a low to high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

Prophase

The first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.

Metaphase

The stage of cell division in which chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator (metaphase plate) before being separated.

Anaphase

the stage of cell division in which sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The stage of cell division in which chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear membranes reform, and the cell begins to divide. Cleavage furrow forms

Cytokinesis

The final stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides, producing two separate daughter cells.

Ocular Lens

The lens through which you examine the slide (10x power)

Objective Lenses

lenses with various powers of magnification. Note that 10x is called the low-power objective, and 4x is referred to as the scan objective.

Nosepiece

Allows the user to switch between objectives

Iris Diaphragm

The underside of the stage that controls the amount of light entering the microscope.

Mechanical Stage adjustment knob

Ability to move the slide by turning the knob

Condenser

The lens that sits under the stage

Light adjustment dial

Adjust the amount of light coming into the image

How is the “e” oriented on the slide? Is it right side up, upside down, backward, and etc?

Upside Down

Diffusion

The movement of solute particles from a high concentration to a low solute concentration

Tonicity

One solution’s ability to cause osmosis relative to another

Tissue

A collection of cells and ECM

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The surrounding material that makes up tissue

Ground Substance

Gelatinous material that contains water, ions, nutrients, large polysaccharides, and proteoglycans.

Proteoglycan

polysaccharide bound to a protein core

Proteoglycan Aggregates

Thousands of proteoglycans that resemble bottle brushes

Collagen Fibers

composed of multiple entwining strands of the thick protein collagen (glue) and resist stretch in one way. Tendons and ligaments

Elastic Fibers

Fibers composed of elastin proteins allow tissue to stretch, a property known as distensibility, and return to their original form, a property known as elasticity like elastic ligaments of the vertebrae

Reticular Fibers

Made by thin cells which is a special type of collagen fibers. Network of interwoven fibers (stroma), resists force in many directions, stabilized functional cells (parenchyma) and structures like sheaths around organs

Epithelial Tissue

our covering and lining tissues. Provides protection, secretion, and absorption. sheet-like, connected by tight junctions, with little ECM between cells, and includes endothelial cells.

Basal Lamina

holds ECM underneath the cells, which effectively glues the epithelium in place.

Lamina Reticularis

Another layer that anchors collagen fibers to the ECM is produced by connective tissue deep to the epithelium.

Basement Membrane

Basal lamina and Lamina reticulars

Avascular

Have no blood vessels like epithelia cells

Simple epithelia

One layer of cells

Stratified epithelia

Two or more layers of cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells with a centrally located nucleus found in air sacs of the lungs.

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

Short and have a spherical, central nucleus and are found near the kidneys, the lining of respiratory passageways, and thyroid glands.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

spherical nuclei near the base of the cell and line respiratory passageways and digestive tract the cilia are folded into microvilli

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium/ Respiratory Epithelium

It appears to have several layers, but it only has one layer of cells at different heights, all of which are attached to the same basal lamina. Usually has cilia and is shaped like a columnar found in the nasal cavity and respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

many layers of flattened and has two variants: keratinized and non-keratinized

Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium

keratinocytes epithelial cells; super dry/flaky cells are dead because there too far away from the blood supply located in deeper tissue; therefore, these cells are found in superficial layers of the skin unprotected.

Keratinocytes

epithelial cells that produce keratin proteins

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

No keratin and is found in more protective layers like the oral cavity, the pharynx (throat), the anus, and the vagina. Superficial cells survive because they're not as thick.

Which types of epithelium are rare?

stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium, and they are found in the lining of ducts in certain glands like salivary.

Transitional Epithelium/ urinary epithelium

Stratified but not classified by shape because its cells can change shape (apical = dome-shaped, but when stretched its flattened and appear squamous). Found in the urinary bladder and ureters