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This is a practice test for the real one tomorrow.
What was a significant cause of the Scientific Revolution related to classical knowledge?
The Renaissance discovery of new classical manuscripts.
Which event led to criticism of the Catholic Church's power during the Scientific Revolution?
The Protestant Reformation.
Who was the Polish astronomer that proposed the heliocentric theory?
Nicolaus Copernicus.
What method did Francis Bacon develop to advance scientific knowledge?
The Scientific Method.
Which scientist is known for defining the laws of planetary motion?
Johannes Kepler.
What significant philosophical concept did Rene Descartes advocate for?
Everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
What did the Enlightenment emphasize as a natural right?
Life, liberty, and property.
Who argued that governments should be formed with the agreement of free individuals?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
What social structure existed during the Old Regime in France?
First Estate: Clergy, Second Estate: Nobles, Third Estate: Everyone else.
What was the purpose of the Tennis Court Oath?
To create a constitution replacing the monarchy.
What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789?
The Storming of the Bastille.
What key change occurred when the National Assembly challenged King Louis XVI's authority?
Abolishment of the privileges of the First and Second Estates.
What role did Maximilien Robespierre play during the French Revolution?
He led the Reign of Terror.
What impact did Napoleon have on the structure of education in France?
He created lycees, government-run schools for all children.
What strategy did Napoleon use to weaken Great Britain economically?
The Continental System.
What consequence came from the Scorched Earth Policy during Napoleon's invasion of Russia?
Prevented French troops from feeding as winter approached.
What event led to Napoleon's final defeat in 1815?
The Battle of Waterloo.
How did the Haitian Revolution begin?
Rumors spread that the French King declared an end to slavery.
Who emerged as the leader of the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint Louverture.
What did Haiti's name mean in the native language of the original Indigenous people?
Mountainous or rugged.
What influence did the French Revolution have on the structure of social classes in Haiti?
Inspiration for Grand Blancs, Petits Blancs, free people of color, and slaves to seek equality.
Which Enlightenment philosopher defended free speech and religion?
Voltaire.
What did Beccaria advocate for regarding prisoners' rights?
Torture should be abolished.
What is the significance of the phrase 'Power should be a check to power'?
Baron de Montesquieu's idea on government structure.
What did the Enlightenment ideas contribute to the rise of new government forms?
Encouraged democracy and social contracts.
What was one economic problem faced by France leading up to the French Revolution?
Large government debt due to excessive spending by the monarchy.
What sparked the October March by angry women in Paris?
Demand for bread to feed their children.
What major document did the Third Estate create after their Tennis Court Oath?
A constitution to replace the monarchy.
What did the National Assembly do with the Catholic Church's privileges?
They took control of it.
What were the September Massacres?
Murder of prisoners by Parisian mobs.
What characterized the Reign of Terror?
Thousands executed by guillotine under Robespierre's leadership.
What marked the end of the Reign of Terror?
Robespierre and his supporters were executed.
What did Napoleon implement to stabilize France's economy?
Centralized bank and fair tax codes.
What happened to Napoleon following his defeat in Russia?
He was exiled to Elba.
What was the outcome of Napoleon's return from exile?
He briefly regained power before being defeated at Waterloo.
What inspired the Haitian Revolution in 1789?
The ideals of the French Revolution.
What major cash crops was Saint Domingue known for?
Sugar and coffee.
What was the main social class structure in Haiti under French colonial rule?
Powerful Grand Blancs, Petits Blancs, free people of color, and enslaved individuals.
What important conflict was influenced by the emergence of the Enlightenment?
Latin American independence movements.
What phrase did Thomas Hobbes associate with the necessity of strong government?
Social contract.
What were lycees established by Napoleon?
Government-run schools for all children.
What did the Napoleonic Code implement?
A written set of laws that removed many injustices but limited individual rights.
Which philosopher's ideas centered on the importance of observation over classical authorities?
Galileo Galilei.
What major problem confronted the New Legislative Assembly in France?
Divisions among its members—radicals, moderates, and conservatives.
What did the majority of slaves in the Haitian Revolution desire?
Personal freedom and individual rights.
What role did Marie Antoinette play in the unpopularity of Louis XVI's monarchy?
She was extravagant and an Austrian princess, which made her unpopular.
What was the argument of the bourgeoisie in the French Revolution?
They demanded more political rights and representation due to Enlightenment ideas.
What event demonstrated a direct challenge to King Louis XVI's power?
The formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate.
What was a consequence of the French Revolution's influence in Latin America?
Many white Creoles sought independence and political control.
What system did Napoleon's policies largely focus on reforming?
The tax and banking systems.
What was one outcome of the Enlightenment ideas expressed through the French Revolution?
The emphasis on individual rights and government accountability.
What major societal change did the Haitian slaves achieve during their revolution?
They gained political equality and freedom.
What were the main motivations for the French bourgeoisie during the revolution?
Desire for political rights and freedoms.
Who were the individuals that led the charge for ideas of liberty during the Enlightenment?
Philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
What sparked the international response against Napoleon's rule?
His imperial ambitions and failures.
What happened to Napoleon after his escape from Elba?
He returned to France but was ultimately defeated at Waterloo.
What happened to France's social structure as a result of the French Revolution?
The privileges of the nobility and clergy were abolished.
What did the National Assembly do to the monarchy during the revolution?
They effectively ended the absolute monarchy.
What was the fate of Louis XVI?
He was executed by guillotine.
What was a major economic initiative enacted by Napoleon post-revolution?
He created a centralized bank to stabilize France's economy.
What was the primary composition of the Haitian population during the revolutionary period?
A majority were enslaved individuals working on plantations.
What was a cause of inflation in France before the revolution?
Poor wheat harvests led to high bread prices.
What significant act did the Third Estate take in response to their treatment by Louis XVI?
They declared themselves the National Assembly.
What change occurred in France concerning religious institutions during the National Assembly's rule?
The state took control of the Catholic Church's properties and authority.
What was a consequence of the Enlightenment's promotion of literacy and individualism?
Spread of revolutionary ideas throughout Europe and the Americas.
What did the abolition of feudal privileges mean for society post-revolution?
Everyone had to pay taxes, and social hierarchy was challenged.
How did Napoleon's rise to power illustrate the changes in France after the revolution?
He consolidated power and created a dictatorship despite revolutionary ideals.
What did the new constitution establish during Robespierre's leadership?
A government where the revolutionaries were in control, leading to increased censorship and executions.
What demographic had significant power in the Legislative Assembly but faced radical opposition?
The bourgeoisie, who had previously led the early stages of the revolution.
What internal conflict became pronounced in France during the later stages of the revolution?
Tension between the Montagnards and Girondins.
What did the Enlightenment philosophies promote about the role of the individual?
The idea that individuals should think and reason for themselves.
What inspired many enslaved Haitians to revolt against their white masters?
Rumors of freedom stemming from the French Revolution.
What did the execution of King Louis XVI signify for the revolutionaries?
It symbolized the complete rejection of absolute monarchy.
What geographical trend did Napoleon face challenges with during his campaigns?
The vastness and harsh conditions of Russia during his invasion.
What was the historical significance of Toussaint Louverture in the context of revolution?
He led Haiti to independence, the first successful slave revolt.
What led to the rise of caudillos in post-colonial Latin America?
The lack of stable democratic governance after revolutions.
What was the impact of Napoleon's Napoleonic Code on individual freedoms?
It eliminated many injustices but also restricted individual rights.
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