IB History Paper 2 - Early Modern states (1450 - 1789) (Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire)

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11 Terms

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Inca Empire

A powerful state in South America from 1438 to 1533, known for its outstanding organization, engineering marvels, and expansion under leaders like Pachacutec.

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Viceroyalty of Peru

Established in 1542 by the Spanish Empire, it governed the territories in South America, including the former Inca lands, and was part of the Spanish colonial administration.

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Spanish Colonial Social Hierarchy

Introduced a caste system in the American colonies with categories like Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indigenous, Mulattoes, and Africans, each with specific rights and obligations.

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Encomienda System

Forced labor system imposed on Indigenous populations in the Spanish colonies, promising protection in exchange for labor but often leading to exploitation and abuse.

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Extirpacion de idolatrias

Campaigns aimed at converting Indigenous populations to Christianity in the Spanish colonies, involving forced conversions, baseless accusations, and the suppression of native practices.

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Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire, established cities in South America, and gained recognition and titles despite his humble origins and lack of noble lineage.

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Manco Inca

Last male descendant of Huayna Capac, allied with the Huascar-Cusco camp, crowned by Pizarro in 1533 at 17, aimed to restore Incan rule, led a rebellion against conquistadors.

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Inca Expansion

Spread Inca culture through Mitmakonas, forced migration policy, sought skills and organization methods, based on redistributive economy, noble class held political power.

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Spanish Colonial Empire

Established to compete with Portuguese, rise of capitalist system, mineral revenue from Americas crucial, Viceroy appointed by King, Council of the Indies governed from Spain.

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Inca Rebellion Tactics

Geographical advantage in Andes, campaign of terror with guerrilla-like attacks, complex battlefield structure, resisted Spanish dominion, prolonged resistance until 1572.

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Leadership Disputes

Disagreements between Pizarro and de Almagro, Capitulación de Toledo supported Pizarro's conquest, Almagro explored southward, lack of clear boundaries led to political violence.