IB History Paper 2 - Early Modern states (1450 - 1789) (Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire)

Key terms for Topic 5: Early Modern states (1450 - 1789) for the IB History course.

Inca Empire

Inca Empire

A powerful state in South America from 1438 to 1533, known for its outstanding organization, engineering marvels, and expansion under leaders like Pachacutec.

Viceroyalty of Peru

Established in 1542 by the Spanish Empire, it governed the territories in South America, including the former Inca lands, and was part of the Spanish colonial administration.

Spanish Colonial Social Hierarchy

Introduced a caste system in the American colonies with categories like Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indigenous, Mulattoes, and Africans, each with specific rights and obligations.

Encomienda System

Forced labor system imposed on Indigenous populations in the Spanish colonies, promising protection in exchange for labor but often leading to exploitation and abuse.

Extirpacion de idolatrias

Campaigns aimed at converting Indigenous populations to Christianity in the Spanish colonies, involving forced conversions, baseless accusations, and the suppression of native practices.

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire, established cities in South America, and gained recognition and titles despite his humble origins and lack of noble lineage.

Manco Inca

Last male descendant of Huayna Capac, allied with the Huascar-Cusco camp, crowned by Pizarro in 1533 at 17, aimed to restore Incan rule, led a rebellion against conquistadors.

Inca Expansion

Spread Inca culture through Mitmakonas, forced migration policy, sought skills and organization methods, based on redistributive economy, noble class held political power.

Spanish Colonial Empire

Established to compete with Portuguese, rise of capitalist system, mineral revenue from Americas crucial, Viceroy appointed by King, Council of the Indies governed from Spain.

Inca Rebellion Tactics

Geographical advantage in Andes, campaign of terror with guerrilla-like attacks, complex battlefield structure, resisted Spanish dominion, prolonged resistance until 1572.

Leadership Disputes

Disagreements between Pizarro and de Almagro, Capitulación de Toledo supported Pizarro's conquest, Almagro explored southward, lack of clear boundaries led to political violence.