Atlas
First vertebrae is differentiated into the atlas; ring-shaped with wide winglike lateral projections which represent ribs and hence are perforated by an opening, the vertebrarterial canal
Neural arch
basidorsals, the bases of which comprise the atlas
Hypocentrum
Median ventral region of the atlas
Axis
arge elongated neural arch having a neural spine which projects forward over the atlas and bears posteriorly a pair of post-zygapophyses
Pleurocentrum (odontoid process)
Median pointed projection of anterior end of the centrum of the axis; fits into the ring of the atlas, allowing the turning of the head; centrum of the atlas
Anterior articular process
found on each side of the centrum of the axis
Pleurapophyses
transverse processes consisting in part of a fused-on rib
Long ribs
reaching the ventral side; can be recognized when isolated by the smooth costal half-facets where the ribs were attached
Neural spines
very tall in majority of thoracic vertebrae
Capitula
half facets for capitula found at the ends of the centra
Vertebral ribs
bony; bicipital, with the reduced tuberculum engaging the costal facet on the under side of the transverse process, and the capitulum attached between two centra to the demifacets.
Bicipital
The tuberculum diminishes posteriorly, so that the last three ribs have only capitular heads
Neck
narrowest part of the rib between the two capitular heads
Shaft
remainder of the rib
Angle
point of greatest curvature of the shaft
True ribs
ribs which reach the ventral side and are independently attached to the breastbone
False ribs
those which join the ribs preceding the true ribs or are unattached below
Floating ribs
unattached false ribs
Neural spines
prominent part of the lumbar vertebrae
Pleurapophyses
long transverse processes directed forward; probably pleurapophyses, i.e., composed of fused diapophysis and rib.
Spine
sacrum
composed of a variable number of vertebrae fused together for articulation with the hind limbs
Chevron bones
of common occurrence in the tails of mammals; very small ones occur in the cat tail but are usually lost in preparing the skeleton
Amphiplatyan
both centrum ends are flat
Intervertebral cartilages
Between the centrum ends of mammals are found in life cartilaginous disks, the intervertebral cartilages, which are homologous to the hypocentra of reptiles.
Intervetebral foramen
between successive centra a series of openings; through which the spinal nerves pass out from the spinal cord.
Interclavicle & precoracoid
Vanished in all placental mammals
Coracoid
Reduced to a projection on the scapula
Clavicles
Frequently reduced or wanting; small, slender bones imbedded in muscle and as they are not articulated to any other part of the skeleton, they generally fall off in prepared skeletons
Scapulae
large, flat, triangular bones above the anterior ribs.
Spine
A prominent ridge on the outer surface of the scapulae
Acromion process
A pointed projection on the ventral end if the spine; usually serving to receive one end of the clavicle.
Metacromion process
Above the acromion, a backward projection
Glenoid fossa
The apex of the scapula is concavely curved, forming the glenoid fossa
Coracoid process
From the anterior side of the glenoid rim there projects medially a small beaklike coracoid process, the vestige of the coracoid bone, which embryologically forms by a separate center of ossification.
Supraspinous fossa
the part of the external surface of the scapulae anterior to the spine
Infraspinous fossa
the part of the scapulae posterior to the spine
Subscapular fossa
the whole internal surface of the scapulae
Anterior border
the anterior margin of the scapulae
Posterior border
the axillary border
Dorsal border
vertebral border
Sternum
consists of a longitudinal series of pieces, the sternebrae
Sternebrae Manubrium
articulates with the first thoracic rib at its center
Xiphisternum
Last piece of sternebrae
Xiphoid / ensiform cartilage
Where the xiphisternum terminates
Humerus
has a large, rounded head fitting into the glenoid fossa
Greater & lesser tuberosities
Found at the sides of the rounded head of the humerus
Ridges/crests
The anterior surface of the humerus below the tuberosities is slightly elevated into ridges or crests, which serve as points of muscle attachment.
capitulum
outer mass of forearm
trochlea
medial mass of humerus
Epicondyles
situated above the trochlea and a projecting ridge
Supracondyloid foramen
Near the medial epicondyle the bone is pierced by an opening
Olecranon process
the proximal end of the ulna forms a prominent projection, the olecranon or elbow.
Semilunar notch
a deep semicircular concavity found distal to the elbow and articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
Coronoid process
distal border of the notch forms this projection
Scapholunar
Articulating with the distal end of the radius
Radiale
medial navicular in the rabbit’s wrist bone
Greater multangular
First carpale
Lesser multangular
Second carpale
Hamate Metacarpals
fused fourth and fifth carpals
consists of the usual three bones indistinguishably fused
Ilium
the most dorsal and largest of the three components of three bones; articulates with the sacrum and terminates anteriorly and dorsally in a curved border (crest)
Ischium
that part of the dorsal region of the girdle posterior to the acetabulum
Pubis
the anterior ventral part of the pelvic girdle
Pubic symphysis
formed by the rami meeting
Obturator foramen
found between the rami of the ischium and pubis
Greater trochanter
lateral to the head (in rabbits- continuing to a small posterior projection to, the third trochanter)
Lesser trochanter
below the head of the femur
Condyles
the large articulating surfaces at the distal end of the femur
Epicondyles
additional elevations or roughened areas of the hindlimbs
Patella
found at the knee joint
Shank
composed of a strout tibia and slender finulat
Tibia
fused in the rabbit with for the greater part of its length
Condyles
proximal articulating surfaces at the anterior face of the tibia
Calcaneus/fibulare
largest and most conspicuous ankle bone that projects backward as a heel
Astragalus/talus
articulates with the malleoli of the tibia and fibula
Scaphoid/navicular
found directly in front of the astragalus
Cuboid
fused fourth and fifth tarsalia found in front of the calcaneus articulating with the fourth and fifth metatarsals
third or lateral cuneiform
articulating with the third metatarsals; found medial to the cuboid
Second or intermediate cuneiform
articulating with the second metatarsal; medial to the lateral cuneiform
first or medial cuneiform in cats
articulating with the small rudimentary first metatarsal; along the medial border of the anterior part of the ankle in front of the navicular
first cuneiform in rabbits
fused to the proximal end of the second metatarsal
Digtigrade
gait of the cat
Skull
hard, bony case composed of separate bones, immovably jointed together in dovetail fashion along the sutures
Nose and eyes
distinguishable from the expanded posterior cranial region enclosing the brain and including the middle and internal ears.
External nares
At the anterior end of the facial region
Septum of the nose
cartilaginous partition separating the nares
Orbit
At the side of the facial region, there is a large, nearly circular _________
temporal fossa
Partially separates the orbits by bony projections from the ___________________ behind it, filled in life with muscles
zygomatic arch
The lower boundary of these fossae is formed by a projecting arch, the _______________, a very characteristic feature of the mammalian skull.
postorbital processes
In the cat the orbit is bounded posteriorly by two ________________, one projecting dorsally from the middle of the zygomatic arch and the other descending from the roof of the skull.
Supraorbital arch
Above the orbit is a projecting margin, the _____________, the posterior end of which forms the postorbital process
Foramen magnum
At the posterior end of the cranial portion of the skull
occipital condyle
on each side of the foramen magnum is a projection, the ___________, which articulates with the atlas
tympanic bulla
Lateral and slightly anterior to each occipital condyle is a conspicuous hollow expansion, the _______________, which contains the middle ear.
Tympanic cavity
cavity of the middle ear
Mastoid process
anterior process of tympanic bulla