Mendelian Genetics

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Biology

10th

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46 Terms

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simple genetics
what is Mendelian genetics also known as?
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Gregor Mendel
-austrian monk
-father of genetics
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Characteristic or Trait
the physical features that are inherited. They can occur in different versions.
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characteristic, trait, version, trait
Face color is _________ or _____. White or not white is the _______ of the ____.
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hybrid
offspring from a cross of parents with different or contrasting traits
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Generation
a group of offspring from a given group of parents
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Genetics
the study of heredity
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Genetic cross
mating or breeding of two individual organisms
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Self pollinate
fertilize itself
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Cross pollinate
pollen of one plant is carried to the flower of another plant
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monohybrid cross
a cross studying one pair of contrasting forms of a trait
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True-breeding
plants or organisms that always produce the same type of offspring. Also called Pure bred.
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Mendel’s explanations for the patterns of heredity in garden pea plants.
Modern genetics is based on
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People thought that traits were blends from parents.
Before Mendel what did people believe about how we inherited traits?
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-They have seven traits with two contrasting forms for each trait
-They usually self pollinate
-Grow easily
Why did Mendel choose pea plants to study?
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Mendel allowed true-breeding plants for each trait to self fertilize and called these true or pure bred plants the parental or P generation.
Mendel’s First Experiments step 1:
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parental or p generation
the first set of parents crossed
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He then crossed two true breeding plants of the same character but with different forms of the trait.
Mendel’s First Experiments step 2:
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first filial or F1 generation
the generation of hybrids produced from a cross between the genetically different individuals called parents
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He then allowed the F1 generation to self fertilize and produce new plants. He called the offspring from this cross the second filial or F2 generation.
Mendel’s First Experiments step 3:
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alleles
different versions of genes
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dominant
the expressed allele( what showed up in the F1
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recessive
the hidden allele(didn’t show up in the F1)
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genotype
a specific combination of alleles in an individual.(the actual genetic makeup)
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phenotype
the detectable trait or traits that result from the genotype of an individual(the observable form of the trait
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The simple pattern of inheritance. In these patterns, two of several versions of a gene combine and result in one of several possible traits.
what does Mendelian theory explain
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Mendel called the version that showed up the ________ trait and the one that was hidden the _________ trait
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Law of dominance
that the dominant allele is the one that showed up in the F1 generation
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Law of independent assortment
during gamete formation the alleles of each gene segregate independently.
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phenotype
The physical trait or the observable form of the trait
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genotypes
are the genes that code for these traits
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capital, lower case
We use a ______ letter to represent the dominant gene and a ________ letter to represent the recessive gene
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pure bred
said to be Homozygous for the trait.
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hybrid
said to be Heterozygous for the trait.
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homozygous
an individual that carries two identical alleles of a gene
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heterozygous
individual that carries two different alleles of a gene
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gene
unit of heredity; part of the DNA that codes for a particular protein
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Dihybrid crosses
When you cross two traits at a time
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Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygote shows an inbetween or blend of the two homozygous phenotypes
Red x white = pink
Black x white= gray
Long x short =medium
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Co dominance
the heterozygote shows both homozygous phenotypes.
Red x white= red/white
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Phenotypes: Genotypes:
Type A IA IA or IA i
Type B IB IB or IB i
Type O ii
Type AB IA IB
human blood type
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type AB
blood is an example of codominance
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multiple alleles
Human blood type shows
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mutiple alleles
More than the normal two alleles for a trait
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Each organism can only have _____ of the alleles for that trait to be expressed
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polygenic traits
Traits that have more than one pair of genes involved in their expression
-hair color
-eye color
-skin color