SEM 2 MIDTERM

primary functions of the respiratory system

1) exchange gasses

2) produce vocal sounds

3) sense of smell

4) regulate blood PH

Respiration

process of gas exchange

external respiration

air enters the lungs and gas is exchanged between air and blood

internal respiration

blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with those tissues

cellular respiration

cells use oxygen to create energy in the form of ATP

what part of the cell is responsible for cell respiration?

mitochondria

upper respiratory tract

nose, sinuses, pharynx

lower respiratory tract

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

nasal cavity

1

nostril

2

oral cavity

3

tongue

4

larynx

5

right main bronchus

6

right lung

7

cardiac notch

8

pharynx

9

epiglottis

10

trachea

11

left main bronchus

12

left lung

13

diaphragm

14

nasal concha

bones that divide nasal cavity and increase surface area

mucus membrane

warms and moistens air, traps dust.

paranasal sinuses

spaces within the bones, reduce weight of skull, resonance (voice)

paranasal sinus names

maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

pharynx

behind the oral cavity

epiglottis

allows air to enter larynx closes when you swallow

larynx

enlargement at the top of the trachea, composed of muscles and cartilage

glottis

part of the larynx that consists of vocal chords

false vocal fold

close airway during swallowing

true vocal chords

produce sounds

laryngitis

inflammation of larynx, hoarse voice

trachea

cylinder with cartilage to keep it from collapsing, leads to bronchial tree

alveoli

air sacs attached to bronchioles and the circulatory system via capillaries

respiratory epithelium

layer to help clear airway, if broken, mucus buildup

lungs

spongy tissue in pleural cavity

right lung, 3 lobes

left lung, 2 lobes

cardiac notch

space for heart

serous fluid

lubricates the lungs during breathing

steps to breath

1) diaphragm moves down forcing air into airways

2) intercostals contract, enlarging cavity

3) surface tension in alveoli and surfactant keep air sacs from collapsing

4) other muscles for deeper breath

5)relaxing the diaphragm causes elastic recoli (exhalation)

respiratory cycle

one sequence of inhalation and exhalation

spirometry

measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs

factors that affect breathing

rise in co2, emotional upset, fear and pain, hyperventilation

respiratory membrane

gas exchange occurs through a layer of simple squamos cells and oxygen diffuses into blood

hypoxia

lack of oxygen in tissues and organs

asphyxia

unable to breathe normally

illnesses in respiratory

COPD

bronchitis

emphysema

sleep apnea

lung cancer

altitude sickness

asthma

bacterial or viral infections

whooping cough

pneumothorax

cystic fibrosis

larynx reference picture

bronchi tree picture

tidal volume (TV)

vol. breathed in and out without thinking

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

more air that can be inhaled with max effort

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

more air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

Vital Capacity (VC)

total vol. of air exhaled after a max inhale

TV+IRV+ERV

Residual Volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in lungs after max exhalation

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

VC+RV

hyperventilation

increased breathing lowers co2 concentration

Sclera

outer protective layer of the eye (white of the eye)

cornea

transparent anterior part of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye

choroid

middle layer of the eye interlaced with blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye; includes the iris.

iris

pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil.

pupil

opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye

lens

directly behind the pupil; focuses and bends light

retina

innermost layer of the eye which contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)

aqueous humor

watery liquid in the anterior cavity of the eyes which provides nourishment and shape to the anterior eye

vitreous humor

Jellylike liquid found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

optic nerve

carries visual impulses from retina to brain

cones

Photoreceptors in the retina that distinguish different colors

rods

Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye for black and white vision.

neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

dendrites

part of neuron that receives stimuli from the environment or from other neurons

axon

part of neuron that carries information towards other cells

cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

myelin

a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds up transmission of the neural impulse

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath of the axons. Action potentials can 'jump' from node to node, thus increasing the speed of conduction.

multiple sclerosis

The immune system attacks myelin, forming scar tissue (sclerosis) which gives the disease its name. This damage interrupts nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord.

neuroglia

Supporting cells ("glue") of the nervous system that support, insulate, and protect neurons but do not transmit nerve impulses

action potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. It is an "all-or-nothing" event.

axon terminal

the end ("terminal") of the axon on the presynaptic cell

synaptic vesicles

contain neurotransmitters

presynaptic cell

neuron that transmits a signal toward the synapse

postsynaptic cell

The neuron, muscle, or gland cell that receives the signal from a neuron

synaptic cleft

space separating presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Acetylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter widespread in CNS and PNS

polarized membrane

An axon membrane at rest where the inside of the cell is negative (-70 mv) compared with the outside of the cell

depolarized membrane

An axon membrane that becomes less negative (closer to 0 mv) than the resting potential of -70 mv

repolarized membrane

An axon membrane that is restored to its resting potential of -70 mv after depolarization

hyperpolarization

A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV (resting) to -90 mV, becoming more negative

sodium channels

voltage-gated channels in the axon's plasma membrane that allow sodium to move into the cell

potassium channels

voltage-gated channels in the axon's plasma membrane that allow potassium to move out of the cell

sodium-potassium pump

A protein pump in the plasma membrane of an axon that restores the membrane to its original polarized condition by using ATP to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

calcium channels

voltage-gated channels in the presynaptic terminal that allow calcium to enter and trigger the release of acetylcholine

resting potential

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane (more K ions inside, more Na ions outside); -70 mv

threshold

The level of stimulation required to activate a neuron

all-or-none principle

If the threshold is reached the action potential in the axon occurs either 100% or not at all.

central nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all sensory and motor neurons that are not part of the brain or spinal cord

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's voluntary skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, and internal organs and glands.

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations; the "GAS"

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy; the "BRAKE"