The body’s second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones
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Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and thymus
Endocrine glands
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of the internal environment ( balance )
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Metabolic regulation
Storage and use of energy substrates
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Homeostasis
Metabolic regulation
Responses to external stimuli
Control of growth, reposition and development
Roles of endocrine system
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Hormones
Chemical substance released by a group of cells to control the function of other types of cells
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affect only specific target cell
\ affect many different types of cell
types of hormones
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hypothalamus
has both neural function and releases hormones
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adipose cell, pocket of cell in wall of the small intestine, stomach, kidney, and heart
other tissue and organs that produce hormones
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at distance
hormones can exert their effect______ from their site of production
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neurohormones
specialized neurons that secrete chemical into the blood rather than synaptic cleft
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endocrine signaling
a cell targets a distant cell through the blood stream
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paracrine signaling
cell target a nearby cell
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autocrine signaling
cell target it self
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multiple hormone system
play a key role in regulating almost all body function
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blood stream
released into and carried via______ to target tissue
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target cell
refers to a cell that contain specific receptors (binding sites) for a particular hormone
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proteins and polypeptides
steroid
amino acid tyrosine
what are the three general classes of hormones
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proteins and polypeptides
secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, the pancreas \`(insulin and glucagon), the parathyroid gland ( parathyroid hormone), and many others
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steroid
secreted by the adrenal cortex ( cortisol and aldosterone ), the ovaries (estrogen and progesterone), the testes (testosterone), and the placenta (estrogen and progesterone)
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amino acid tyrosine
secreted by the thyroid (thyroxine and triiodothyronine ) and the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine ). there are no known polysaccharides or nucleic acid hormones
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peptide (protein) hormones
they can disolves in water (plasma)
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steroid hormones
secretedby gonads, adernal cortex, placenta
\ derived from cholesterol
\ usually bound to **carrier** proteins
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amine hormones
derived from aminoc acid tyrosine
\ they include the thyroid hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (produced by the adrenal medulla) and dopamine (produced byh the hypothalamus)
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nonsteroid hormones
first messenger
\ mechanism of action:
hormones recepetors interaction (first messenger)
enzyme activation
released of the second messenger
effect on cellular function
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steroid
pass through the cytoplasm and enter nucleus where they bind with a receptor ( lock and key model )
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receptors
region of tissue, or a molecule in a cell membrane, which responds specifically to a particular __neurotransmitter__, __hormone__, __antigen__, or other substance.
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protiens
hormonal receptors are large _______
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on the surface of cell membrane ( peptides and catecholamines)
\ in the cell cytoplasm ( steroid )
\ in the cell nucleus (thyroid hormones )
receptors location
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the rate of secretion
\ the rate of its removal (metabolic clearance )
two factors control the concentration of a hormones in the blood
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metabolic destruction by tissue
\ excretion by the liver into bile
\ excretion by the kidney into urine
hormones are cleared by
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slow
clearance of protein-bound hormones is ________ than clearance of peptide hormones
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negative feedback
\ positive feedback
blood level of hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms
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prostaglandins
powerful substances found in a wide variety of body tissue
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pituitary gland
it is located in the diencephalon
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diencephalon
where is pituitary gland locatedn
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adenohypophysis
anterior lobe
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neurohypophysis
posterior lobe
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glandular tissue
what is adenohypophysis made up off
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adenohypophysis
synthesize and secrete a number of hormones
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neurohypophysis
receive, store and release hormones from the hypothalamus
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infundibulum
is the stalk that connects the pituitary to the brain
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posterior pituitary
is an extension of the neural tissue
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anterior pituitary
is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin
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growth hormone (GH)
\ prolactin (PRL)
\ thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
\ adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
\ follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
\ luteinizing hormones (LH)
the six hormones of the anterior pituitary
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TSH
stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone
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ACTH
stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
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FSH
initiates growth of ovarian follicle each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation
\ stimulates sperm production in the male
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LH
acts with FSH to stimulates estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity
\ cause ovulation
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GH
stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism
\ accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism
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PRL
stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk the delivery of the baby.
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adernal cortex
target tissue of ACTH
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thyroid gland
target tissue of TSH
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most tissue
target tissue of GH
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gonads
target tissue of FSH
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gonads
target tissue of LH
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mammary glands and other sex accessory organ
target tissue or PRL
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releasing and inhibiting hormones
hypothalamus neurons synthesize
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ADH: supraoptic nuclei and Oxytocin:paraventricular
hypothalamus neruon cell bodies produced
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vasopressin
ADH also known as
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ADH and oxytocin
posterior pituitary homones
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secretory vesicle and neurophysin
these hormones are synthesized in the neuron cell bodies in hypothalamus and pack in______ __with__ _________
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does not synthesize hormones and consists of axon terminal neurons
posterioir pituitary gland
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hypothalamic neural tissue
the posterior lobe is a downgrowth of
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hypothalamus (hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract )
has a neural connection with the
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nervous signal from hypothalamus
secretions of the posterior pituitary are controlled by
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ADH
synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons(supraoptic nucleus)
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posterior pituitary
where is ADH stored
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V1 and V2
what are the two types of receptors for ADH
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vasoconstriction
v1 receptors mediate
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kidneys
v2 receptors located in the principle cells in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the _____
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principle cell
ADH binds to V2 receptors on the _______ of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
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reducing urine output w
what is the most important function of ADH to conserve body waste by____
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osmotic pressure
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baroreceptor
in carotid artery and aortic arch
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stretch receptors
in left atrium
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ADH high
when the osmotic pressure is high
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ADH low
when the osmotic pressure is low
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ADH secretion low
when the blood pressure is high
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ADH secretion high
when the blood pressure is low
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oxytocin
is synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons (paraventricular nucleus)
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posterior pituitary gland
where is oxytocin located
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stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract
\ may initiate labor
\ cause glandular cell of the breast to release milk to ducts
\ enhande social bonding
function of oxytocin
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hypothalamus
where is the actual production of ADH and ocytocin occurs ?
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nervous stimulation
the secretion and release of posterior pituitary hormones is controlled by ?
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hypothalamus
controls many body functions related to homeostasis ( temperature, appetite, and thirst )
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where is thyroid located
t the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple
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vascular
the thyroid is highly_____
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metabolic rate
thyroids hormones profoundly **increase** the________ if the body
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thyroid hormones
the body’s major metabolic hormones
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thyroxine 90%
T4
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triiodothyronine 10%
T3
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accelerate catabolism
increase the body metabolic rate
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calcitonin
CT
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calcitonin
decrease the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood
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follicular cells and parafollicular cell
the thyroid tisse is made up of two type of cells
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follicular cell
most of the thyroid tissue consist of the______
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thyroid hormones
most of the thyroid tissue consist of the follicular cell, which secret the iodine-containing________
Studied by 16 people
