Key Terms and Definitions

Class

A blueprint for creating objects in Java, encapsulating data (fields) and behaviors (methods).
Example:

public class Student { }

Object

An instance of a class, created using the new keyword.
Example:

Student s = new Student();

Field (Instance Variable)

Variables declared in a class to store an object's data. They should generally be private for encapsulation.
Example:

private String name;

Constructor

A special method used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the class and no return type.
Example:

public Student(String name, int age) {

    this.name = name;

    this.age = age;

}

Accessor (Getter)

A method that retrieves the value of a private field.
Example:

public String getName() {

    return name;

}

Mutator (Setter)

A method that modifies the value of a private field, often with input validation.
Example:

public void setName(String name) {

    this.name = name;

}

Encapsulation

The principle of restricting direct access to a class's fields, typically by using private fields with public getters and setters.

Method

A block of code that performs a specific task, defined with a return type, name, and parameters (if needed).
Example:

public double calculateAverage(int total, int count) {

    return (double) total / count;

}

this Keyword

Refers to the current object and is used to differentiate between class fields and parameters when they have the same name.
Example:

this.name = name;

Edge Case

An unusual or extreme input that tests the robustness of your code (e.g., negative numbers, null values).

toString Method

A method that returns a string representation of an object.
Example:

@Override

public String toString() {

    return "Student{name='" + name + "', age=" + age + "}";

}

Class Implementation Steps

Step 1: Declare the Class and Fields

Start by declaring the class and defining the fields. Make the fields private to follow encapsulation.

Step 2: Create the Constructor

Define one or more constructors to initialize the fields when an object is created.

Step 3: Add Accessor (Getter) and Mutator (Setter) Methods

Use getters to retrieve field values and setters to modify them while preserving data integrity.

Step 4: Implement Additional Methods

Write any other methods required by the prompt, ensuring they are functional and follow Java conventions.

Step 5: Include a toString Method (Optional)

Implement the toString method for debugging and providing a human-readable representation of the object.

Sample Implementation

Here’s a complete implementation of a Student class using the key terms and concepts:

public class Student {

    // Fields (Instance Variables)

    private String name;

    private int age;

    private double grade;




    // Constructor

    public Student(String name, int age, double grade) {

        this.name = name;

        this.age = age;

        this.grade = grade;

    }




    // Accessor Methods (Getters)

    public String getName() {

        return name;

    }




    public int getAge() {

        return age;

    }




    public double getGrade() {

        return grade;

    }




    // Mutator Methods (Setters)

    public void setName(String name) {

        this.name = name;

    }




    public void setAge(int age) {

        if (age > 0) { // Input validation

            this.age = age;

        } else {

            System.out.println("Invalid age.");

        }

    }




    public void setGrade(double grade) {

        if (grade >= 0 && grade <= 100) { // Input validation

            this.grade = grade;

        } else {

            System.out.println("Invalid grade value.");

        }

    }




    // Additional Method

    public String isPassing() {

        return grade >= 60 ? "Passing" : "Failing";

    }




    // toString Method

    @Override

    public String toString() {

        return "Student{name='" + name + "', age=" + age + ", grade=" + grade + "}";

    }




    // Main Method (for Testing)

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Student student = new Student("Alice", 17, 85.5);

        System.out.println(student); // Output: Student{name='Alice', age=17, grade=85.5}

        

        student.setGrade(50);

        System.out.println(student.isPassing()); // Output: Failing

    }

}

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

1. Missing private on Fields: Always make fields private to protect data integrity.

2. Improper Validation: Ensure inputs (like grades or ages) are checked before assignment.

3. Omitting Method Signatures: Follow the exact method names and signatures specified in the exam prompt.

4. Forgetting Edge Cases: Consider invalid inputs and how your class should handle them.