APUSH Unit 1: Period 1-2: 1491-1754
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Roger Williams
a minister in Salem Bay settlement, taught that church and state should be separate.
Columbus arrival
initiated a long period of European expansion and colonialism in the Americas.
Virginia Company
In 1618, the ________ introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.
Columbus
In August of 1492, ________ used three caravels, supplied and funded by the Spanish crown, to set sail toward India.
Anne Hutchinson
a prominent proponent of antinomianism, banished for challenging Puritan beliefs and authority of Puritan clergy
Native Americans
had their own complex societies, cultures, and religions.
Indian War
French played a significant role in the French and ________ (1754- 1763) but overall had a much lighter impact on native peoples compared to Spanish and English.
1619
In ________, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property- holding, white male could vote.
North America
was populated by Native Americans, not to be confused with native- born Americans.
1620
In ________, Separatists set sail for Virginia on the Mayflower, but went off course and landed in modern- day Massachusetts.
New England
Slavery was rare in ________, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.
English
Intermarriage was common between Spanish and French settlers and the natives in their colonized territories (though rare among ________ and Dutch settlers)
middle leg
the ________ of the triangular trade route was among the colonies, Europe, and Africa.
South Carolina
had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.
English Calvinists
led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in the 16th century.
Intercontinental trade
became more organized with the creation of joint- stock companies, corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America.
Roman Catholic Church
The ________ was the dominant religious institution in western Europe. The pope had great political and spiritual authority.
Jamestown
was funded by a joint-stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.
colony
a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power
Spain
Englands first attempt to settle North America came a year prior to its victory over ________, in 1587, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island (now part of North Carolina)
North America
was home to hundreds of tribes, cities and societies.
1619
also marks the introduction of slavery to the English colonies.
Old World to New World
horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes
New World to Old World
corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes
Antinomianism
a theological stance asserting that a Christian is not bound by God's law (either moral or ceremonial), often in the belief that God's grace absolves believers from obeying any laws, which can result in licentiousness or a license to sin
The Age of Exploration
Columbus voyage pleased the Spanish Monarchs.
Other European explorers also set sail to the New World in search of gold, glory and spread the word of their God.
The Columbian Exchange
Period of rapid exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and diseases.
Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies far from home.
Native American view of land
Regarded the land as the source of life, not as a commodity to be sold.
European view of land
Believed that the land should be tamed and in private ownership of land.
Native American social organization
Bonds of kinships ensured the continuation of tribal customs. The basic unit of organization among all Native American groups was the family, which included aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives.
European social organization
Europeans respected kinship, but the extended family was not as important to them. Life centered around the nuclear family (father and mother and their children).
Native American religious beliefs
Thought of the natural world as filled with spirits, (Animism). Some believed in one supreme being.
Native American division of labor
Assignments were based on gender, age, and status. Depending on the region, some women could participate in the decision-making process.
European division of labor
Men generally did most of the field labor and herded livestock. Women did help in the fields, but they were mostly in charge of child care and household labor.
Virginia
Founding and Motivation: Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic profit and to expand English territory.
Religion: The Church of England (Anglicanism) was the established church, but religious diversity increased over time.
Slavery: Slavery became integral to the economy, especially for tobacco farming, which was labor-intensive.
Economy: Based on tobacco cultivation, which became the colony's primary cash crop.
Region: Chesapeake Colonies
Massachusetts
Founding and Motivation: Founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims at Plymouth and in 1630 by the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious freedom.
Religion: Predominantly Puritan, with strict religious observance and governance.
Slavery: Slavery existed but was not as prevalent as in the Southern colonies; the economy did not rely heavily on it.
Economy: Mixed economy with agriculture, fishing, and trade; shipbuilding was also significant.
Region: New England Colonies
New Hampshire
Founding and Motivation: Established in 1623 by John Mason for fishing and trade.
Religion: Initially Puritan, but religious tolerance increased over time.
Slavery: Slavery was present but limited compared to Southern colonies.
Economy: Based on fishing, lumber, and trade.
Region: New England Colonies
Maryland
Founding and Motivation: Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Catholics facing persecution.
Religion: Initially Catholic, but religious tolerance was granted to Christians through the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649.
Slavery: Slavery became integral to the economy, particularly for tobacco plantations.
Economy: Predominantly based on tobacco farming.
Region: Chesapeake Colonies
Connecticut
Founding/Motivation: Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker for political and religious freedom.
Religion: Predominantly Puritan, but with more religious tolerance than Massachusetts.
Slavery: Slavery was present but not as extensive as in the South.
Economy: Agriculture, fishing, and trade.
Region: New England Colonies
Rhode Island
Founding/Motivation: Established in 1636 by Roger Williams for religious freedom and separation of church and state.
Religion: Known for religious tolerance and diversity.
Slavery: Involved in the transatlantic slave trade, but slavery was less prevalent.
Economy: Included agriculture, fishing, and trade.
Region: New England Colonies
New York
Founding/Motivation: Originally settled by the Dutch as New Netherland in 1624, taken by the English in 1664 for trade and expansion.
Religion: Religious diversity, including Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and others.
Slavery: Slavery was present and significant in urban areas like New York City.
Economy: Trade, agriculture, and commerce.
Region: Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania
Founding/Motivation: Originally settled by the Dutch as New Netherland in 1624, taken by the English in 1664 for trade and expansion.
Religion: Religious diversity, including Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and others.
Slavery: Slavery was present and significant in urban areas like New York City.
Economy: Trade, agriculture, and commerce.
Region: Middle Colonies
New Jersey
Founding/Motivation: Established in 1664 for trade and agriculture.
Religion: Religious diversity, including Quakers, Presbyterians, and others.
Slavery: Slavery was present but less extensive than in the South.
Economy: Agriculture and trade.
Region: Middle Colonies
Delaware
Founding/Motivation: Settled by the Swedes in 1638, later taken by the English for trade.
Religion: Religious diversity, including Quakers and Lutherans.
Slavery: Slavery existed but was not as central as in the Southern colonies.
Economy: Agriculture and trade.
Region: Middle Colonies
North Carolina
Founding/Motivation: Settled in 1653 for agriculture and trade.
Religion: Diverse, with a mix of Anglicans, Baptists, and others.
Slavery: Slavery was significant in the plantation economy.
Economy: Tobacco, rice, and indigo cultivation.
Region: Southern Colonies
South Carolina
South Carolina
Founding/Motivation: Established in 1670 for agriculture and trade.
Religion: Predominantly Anglican, with other denominations present.
Slavery: Slavery was central to the economy, especially in rice and indigo plantations.
Economy: Rice, indigo, and later cotton.
Region: Southern Colonies
Georgia
Founding/Motivation: Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtor's colony and buffer against Spanish Florida.
Religion: Initially diverse, with a focus on Protestantism.
Slavery: Initially banned, but later allowed and became integral to the economy.
Economy: Rice, indigo, and later cotton.
Region: Southern Colonies
New England Colonies
Massachusettes (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay), New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island
Key focus: Religious motivations (Puritans, Pilgrims), town meetings, and early self-government.
Middle Colonies
New York (originally Dutch New Netherland), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Key focus: Religious diversity (Quakers, Catholics, Protestants), trade, and more ethnically diverse populations.
Southern Colonies
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Key focus: Plantation economy, cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), slavery, and interactions with Native Americans.
Slavery in the South
Flourished in the South due to nature of land and short growing season
Chesapeake and Carolinas farmed labor-intensive crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo
Plantation owners bought enslaved people for this arduous work
Treatment at the hands of the owners was often vicious and at times sadistic
Slavery in the North
Did not take hold in the North the same way it did in the South.
Used on farms in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
Used in shipping operations in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
Used as domestic servants in urban households, particularly in New York City
Northern states would take steps to phase out slavery following the Revolution.
Still enslaved people in New Jersey at the outbreak of the Civil War
Chesapeake Colonies
Maryland and Virginia
Key focus: the cultivation of a lucrative cash crop, tobacco, which fueled an economy based on large plantations and a labor system that evolved from indentured servitude to enslaved African labor
Encomienda system
a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education.
Joint-stock companies
Intercontinental trade became more organized with the creation of joint-stock companies, corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America
The most famous ones were the British East India Company, the Dutch East India Company, and later, the Virginia Company, which settled Jamestown.
Headright system
In 1618, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.
A "headright" was a tract of land, usually about 50 acres, that was granted to colonists and potential settlers.
House of Burgesses
In 1619, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property-holding, white male could vote.
Decisions made by the House of Burgesses, however, had to be approved by the Virginia Company.
The Pilgrims
Led by William Bradford
Signed the Mayflower Compact
Created a legal authority and assembly
Government's power derived from consent of governed, not God
Received assistance from local Native Americans
The Mayflower Compact
Important for creating legal system for colony
Asserted government's power from consent of governed
Massachusetts Bay
Developed along Puritan ideals
Winthrop delivered famous sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity" urging colonists to be a "city upon a hill"
Puritanism
a movement of strict religious and moral principles, primarily within the Church of England in the 16th and 17th centuries, that sought to reform practices they saw as unbiblical, emphasizing a personal relationship with God, strict adherence to scripture, and a simple worship style
Calvinism
a major branch of Protestant Christianity centered on the teachings of John Calvin, emphasizing God's absolute sovereignty, the doctrine of predestination (that God has chosen who will be saved), and that salvation comes through God's irresistible grace
King William’s War
1689-1697 war that began as a conflict over competing French and English interests on the European continent but soon spread to the American frontier. Both sides pulled American Indian allies into the war.