Marbury v. Madison:

• Definition: Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase:

• Definition: 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the United States and opening up vast western lands for settlement.

War of 1812:

• Definition: Conflict between the United States and Britain from 1812 to 1815, largely over maritime rights and British support for Native American resistance, ending in a stalemate and strengthening American nationalism.

Missouri Compromise:

• Definition: 1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and establishing a line at 36°30' north latitude, with slavery prohibited north of the line in the Louisiana Territory.

Trail of Tears:

• Definition: Forced removal of Cherokee and other Native American tribes from their homelands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830s, resulting in thousands of deaths.

Election of 1840:

• Definition: Presidential election where William Henry Harrison, the Whig candidate, defeated incumbent Martin Van Buren, largely through the use of populist appeal and campaign slogans.

Eli Whitney:

• Definition: Inventor of the cotton gin, revolutionizing cotton production and increasing the demand for enslaved labor in the South.

Second Great Awakening:

• Definition: Religious revival movement in the early 19th century, emphasizing individual salvation, personal conversion, and social reform.

Dorothea Dix:

• Definition: Reformer who campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and the establishment of asylums and mental hospitals in the United States.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony:

• Definition: Leaders of the women's suffrage movement in the 19th century, advocating for women's rights, including the right to vote.

Know-Nothing Party:

• Definition: 19th-century nativist political party, also known as the American Party, opposed to immigration and Catholic influence in American politics.

Cotton Gin:

• Definition: Invention by Eli Whitney in 1793, speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber, leading to increased cotton production and the expansion of slavery in the South.

Erie Canal:

• Definition: 363-mile-long canal completed in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River in New York, facilitating trade and transportation between the Midwest and the East Coast.

American Temperance Society:

• Definition: Organization founded in 1826 advocating for moderation or abstinence from alcohol consumption, leading to the temperance movement in the United States.

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls:

• Definition: 1848 gathering in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding women's suffrage and equal rights.