Exam #3 (Chapters 10-14)

Taliban

- a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government
- extreme fundamentalist Islamic organization

loess

- fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind

theocracy

- a government controlled by religious leaders
- Tibet was theocracy led by Dalai Lama (leader of Buddhist religion)

Reason why environment is relatively clean in Central Asia

- low population density

Reasons for shrinking Aral Sea

- use of water from rivers feeding the sea for irrigation
- 60% of the sea's volume disappeared, causing economic and cultural damages
- series of dikes has helped raise water level by 26 feet
- pollution also a problem

Climate Change effects in Central Asia

- would be hit hard by global warming
- retreat of glaciers
- 80% of Tibet's glaciers are melting
- reduced precipitation in arid lowlands
- desertification
- saltinization

Highest population concentration in Central Asia

- lowland population where highlands meet the plains

Areas of current Chinese control

- Xinjiang & Tibet

Country with worst overall social indicators

- Afghanistan

Social conditions in former Soviet Republics

- literacy, life expectancy, education levels remain high for both men & women
- women feel their place is slipping

Problems with oil wealth

- pipelines go through Russia (high fees)

Taiwan vs. China political status

- China claims Taiwan as own territory

Special economic zones (SEZs)

- welcome foreign investment
- economic growth is around 10%

Superconurbation

- like meglapolis, huge zone of coalesced metropolitan areas (Tokoyo, Nagoya, Oskaa)

% energy supply coming from hydroelectricity

- very little for supply vs. demand

Most serious environmental hazards in Japan

- earthquakes & tsunnamis

Side effects of China's one-child policy

- gender imbalance, abortion or abandonment of girls, kidnapping of boys to sell to wealthy families, more boys born

Concentration of population in Japan and South Korea

JAPAN:
- Tokoyo, Osaka, Nagoya hold 65% of Japan's people (Tokiado Corridor)
- most crowded in mainland industrial belt
- shows a system of superconurbation
SOUTH KOREA:
- noted for urban primacy (concentration of urban population in a single city)

Most densely populated area in East Asia

- South Korea & Taiwan

Cultural internationalism in East Asia

- Japan: English a common language
- South Korea: K-pop

Country most Marxist

- North Korea

India's "breadbasket"

- 1970-1990s: India more than doubled annual grain production (punjab)
- Green Revolution

Purpose of Golden Quadrilateral Highway

- few freeways, travel time long
- new route to connect New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai
- farms, sacred cities, environment destroyed

Hutment

- crude shelters built on sidewalks

Population in South Asia

- recently surpassed East Asia
- India has more than 1.3 billion people

Possible unifying language/lingua franca in India

- English
- Hindi

Debate over Kashmir

- under British rule
- many Kashmiris wish to join Pakistan
- some want to join India

Top polluted cities in South Asia

- air pollution in Delhi 6x recommended maximum
- India to create air quality index/stricter regulations

"Insular" Southeast Asia

- region of countless islands
- Indonesia, Philippines, & Malaysia

Domino Theory

- fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow

ASEAN

- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, China, and Taiwan all make claims to the Spratly and Paracel Islands
- cooperation, concerns about outside influences (Chinese, Western)

Swidden

- cut forest/brush, burn to obtain nutrients in soil, then farmed until no longer productive, move to next area

Major reason for deforestation in Southeast Asia

- logging for export
- damages watersheds, landscapes, habitats

Singapore and low TFR

- promoting childbearing

Major reason for strained relationship with Chinese immigrants

- considered aliens & are wealthy

Country both on mainland & in islands

- Malaysia

Language in South Asia

- 5 major linguistic groups
- Austronesian languages (Madagascar to Easter Island)
- Tibeto-Burman languages (Burmese)
- Tai-Kadai languages (Thailand, Laos, uplands of Vietnam, parts of southern China)
- Mon-Khmer languages (Vietnamese & Khmer language of Cambodia)
- Malay the lingua franca

Importance of Spratly Islands

- contain many resources so fought over (oil)

Vietnam's economy

- grew over 8% per year
- follows the Chinese model of economics (embracing market economies while retaining political forms of communism)

Status of education in Southeast Asia

- Singapore & Brunei lead the region in health & education
- Loas, Cambodia, Burma, & East Timor rank low
- many countries place high priority on basic education
- high literacy rates
- many study abroad

Atoll

- low, sandy island ringed by coral
- often orientated around a central lagoon, originating with a volcano

Aborigine

- native Australian population

Outback

- Australia's thinly settled, huge, dry interior

Location of most cities in Australia

- along the coast

Least developed country in Australia & Oceania

- Melanesia

Most important economic activity in Australia

- mining

Most important livestock in New Zealand

- sheep

Classic signs of underdevelopment seen in Oceania

- housing shortage
- inadequate roads & schools
- street crime