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Byzantine Notes starting 4/11 Islam Notes starting 4/18
What was the name of Istanbul before it got changed?
Constantine
When did the Roman Empire fall in the West?
476 CE
Where did the Roman Empire continue?
In the East
How long did the Eastern part of the Roman Empire continue for?
Almost 1000 more years
What do historians remember the Roman Empire as?
The Byzantine Empire
Where was Constantinople located?
The Bosphorus (strait that links the Black and Mediterranean Sea)
What was the famous arena for horse racing?
The Hippodrome
When did Justinian rule from?
527 - 565 CE
What was Justinianâs goal?
To revive the glory of Rome
Justinian organized Roman laws into theâŚ
âBody of Civil Lawâ
Today, what is the âBody of Civil Lawâ known as?
The Justinian Code
What did the Justinian Code do?
Protected Roman laws from disappearing
What did Justinian build?
The Hagia Sophia Church âHoly Wisdomâ
When did Justinian build the Hagia Sophia?
537 CE
When Constantinople was captured, what did the Hagia Sophia turn into?
A mosque
What time did Theodora live from?
500 - 548 CE
Who was Theodora?
The wife of Justinian, also ruled alongside her husband, Justinian
What rebellion broke out at the Hippodrome? When?
The Nika Revolt; 532 CE
How many protesters died as a result from Justinian sending in his army @ the Nika Revolt?
30,000 protesters
What impactful thing did Theodora do to help women?
Created reforms to help women, banned killing unwanted babies, gave women property rights in divorces
What did Theodora begin her career as?
An actress
When did Sultan Mehmed II lead a conquest on Constantinople?
May 29, 1453
What empire was Sultan Mehmed II from?
Ottoman Empire
What did the Ottomans rename Constantinople to?
Istanbul
What was the Eastern Orthodox Church headed by?
The Patriarch
What was the official language of the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Greek
What led to a schism with the Western European Church?
Banning of icons (images of important Church figures)
What was the religion of the Byzantine Empire?
Christianity
Where in the world is Mecca and Medina?
Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula
What physical features is Mecca and Medina near?
The Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf
What profession did Muhammad pursue?
Being a merchant (trader/businessman)
When and Where was Muhammad born?
570 CE in Saudi Arabia
Most people who lived in Arabia (Arabs) were polytheistic _________
Nomads
Who told Muhammad he was going to be Godâs final prophet?
Angel Gabriel
How old was Muhammad when Angel Gabriel told him the message?
40
Where was Muhammad forced out of?
Mecca
After Muhammad got forced out of Mecca, where did he go?
To Medina
What was Muhammadâs journey from Mecca to Medina called?
The Hijra âmigrationâ
When did Muhammad and his army return to Mecca?
630 CE
When Muhammad successfully took over the city, what was the name of his new religion?
Islam
When did Muhammad die?
632 CE
What is the collection of Islamic oral tradition?
The Hadith
According to the Hadith, what did Muhammad do when he passed away?
He flew to Jerusalem on a winged horse, and rose to heaven
What did the Shiites believe?
Caliphs have to be descended from Muhammadâs daughter Fatima and her husband Ali
What is Fatimaâs relationship to Muhammad
His daughter
What did the Sunnis believe?
That any worthy man can be caliph
What did the Sufis do?
Tried to have a spiritual connection to Allah through meditation
What did the Umayyad Caliphate conquer?
North Africa and Spain
How long did the Umayyad Dynasty last?
661 - 750 CE
What did the Abbasid Caliphate conquer?
The Umayyad Empire
How long did the Abbasid Dynasty last?
750 - 1258 CE
Who captured Constantinople?
The Ottomans
When did the Ottomans capture Constantinople?
1453
What was the name of Christian boy-slaves that were converted to Islam and served in the army?
Janissaries
Who beautified Istanbul and created a law code?
Suleiman the Magnificent
When did the Roman Empire fall?
476 CE
What was happening with the Muslim traders when the Roman Empire fell?
They were crossing the Sahara Desert and the Silk Roadâ leading to a strong economy and cultural diffusion
What was the new style of art that the Muslims developed?
Arabesque (geometric patterns that resemble floral shapes)
Islamic architects built ____
Mosques, domes, and minarets
What is one of the most famous works of Islamic literature called?
1001 Nights
What is a vizier?
Advisor
Muslim scholars translated _______
Greek, Roman, and Hindu texts
Where did the Muslims spread the Hindu number system (Arabic numerals) to?
Europe
Who invented Algebra?
Al-KhwÄrizmÄŤ
What did Medieval European doctors use to bleed their patients?
Leeches
What did Muslim doctors perform?
Cataracts surgery, and provided small pox vaccinations
What did Ibn Sina write?
Canon on Medicine (an encyclopedia of medical knowledge)
Constantinople is an important city because
It connects Europe and Asia
What is the most holy place in Islam
Mecca
What is Justinians code?
Combination of Roman laws plus new ones
Byzantine Empire helped preserve the cultural heritage of
Greece and Rome
Unlike Roman Catholic priests, orthodox priests
Canât marry
To Muslims, Christianâs and Jews were considered to be
âPeople of the bookâ
The Islamic empire was at the center of a
Trading route
Islamic culture and ideas were spread by
Cultural diffusion
Muslims used ____ numerals
Arabic
Muslims preserved the teachings of other cultures by
Translating Greek texts
Note 
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