Studied by 16 people
Mary Whiton Calkins
first female president of the American Psychological Association
memory, dreams and the self
Charles Darwin
functionalism
evolutionary theory + natural selection theory
huge influence → how psychologists viewed the mind
Dorothea Dix
advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill
created first generation of american mental asylums
G. Stanley Hall
first president of the APA
developmental and evolutionary theory
created:
“genetic psychology” concept
Theory of Adolescence (beginning of new life / storm and stress)
William James
functionalism - mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of
“stream of consciousness” = consciousness is best described as an uninterrupted stream
trained Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
motor theory of consciousness
animal behavior
second female president of APA
motor theory of consciousness
Margaret Floy Washburn’s theory
“thought or consciousness could be seen in bodily movements. consciousness is the result of sensation and motion”
Wilhelm Wundt
founded modern experimental psychology
method of introspection = systematic examination of subjective mental experiences through self-reporting thoughts
method of introspection
Wilhelm Wundt’s theory
= systematic examination of subjective mental experiences through self-reporting thoughts
Milgram
famous experiment → human tendency to obey commands issued by an authority figure
Zimbardo
famous experiment → people will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play
Phineas Gage
Unit: Biopsychology
accident helped teach us that different parts of the brain play a role in different functions
frontal lobe damage
→ what the frontal cortex does with regard to personality
Broca
Unit: Biopsychology
discovery of the speech production center of the brain
Wernicke
Unit: Biopsychology
discovery of the speech comprehension center of the brain
Sperry
Unit: Biopsychology
split-brain research
Gazzaniga
Unit: Biopsychology
extended Sperry’s split-brain research on cats to people
“two halves of the brain experience the world quite differently”
Hobson and McCarley
Unit: Biopsychology
activation-synthesis dream theory = dreams occur when the mind tries to make sense of the activity in the brain which is taking place whilst someone sleeps
Hilgard
Unit: Biopsychology
neodissociationist theory of hypnosis
Freud
founder of psychoanalysis
conscious and unconscious;
the id, ego, and superego;
dream interpretation;
psychosexual development
Fechner
Unit: Sensation and Perception
a founder of psychophysics
transforming psychology into a quantitative science,
the Weber-Fechner Law = subjective sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity
Weber
Unit: Sensation and Perception
a founder of psychophysics
just-noticeable difference
Hubel and Wiesel
Unit: Sensation and Perception
“ocular dominance” = some neurons were only responsive to information that came from a single eye
Pavlov
Unit: Learning
classical conditioning
Tolman
Unit: Learning
cognitive behaviorism,
cognitive maps + the theory of latent learning
famous rat maze experiment
Thorndike
Unit: Learning
first to apply psychological principles to the area of learning
concept of reinforcement
operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Unit: Learning
argued that the goal of a science of psychology was to predict and control an
organism's behavior from its current stimulus situation and its history of reinforcement
John Watson
Unit: Learning
Popularized Behaviorism
famous experiment → classical conditioning on child
Bandura
Unit: Learning
social learning theory
self-efficacy
Seligman
Unit: Learning
learned helplessness
Wolfgang Köhler
Unit: Learning
insight learning = sudden understanding of the relation between a problem and a solution
monkeys
Rescorla
Unit: Learning
associative learning = emphasized the associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
Garcia
Unit: Learning
taste aversion
Premack
Unit: Learning
famous principle → “more probable behaviors (rewards) will reinforce less probable behaviors” → increases the likelihood of compliance through positive reinforcement
ex. First clean your room, then you can play video games.
ex. Get your homework done, then you can watch TV.
ex. If you eat your vegetables, you can have ice cream
Ebbinghaus
Unit: Cognition
forgetting curve
George Miller
Unit: Cognition
short-term memory can hold between 5 and 9 pieces of information (7±2)
Loftus
Unit: Cognition
one of the nation's leading experts on memory
misinformation effect
false memory
eyewitness testimony (EWT) is fragile and can easily be distorted
→ Facts, ideas, suggestions and other post-event information can modify our memories
Daniel Schachter
Unit: Cognition
7 sins of memory
Kahneman and Tversky
Unit: Cognition
cognitive biases (caused by fast but fallible cognitive strategies = heuristics)
loss aversion = losses have a greater emotional impact than a gain of the same amount
Chomsky
Unit: Cognition
universal grammar = all languages hold similar structures and rules
Genie
Unit: Cognition
victim of severe abuse, neglect, and social isolation
helped study linguistics and abnormal child psychology
Erikson
Unit: Development
8 stages of psycho==social== development
(each having a crisis to overcome)
neo-freudian: believed people had to resolve major conflicts (based on SOCIAL interactions, not sexual pleasures, like Freud) before advancing to next developmental stage
Harlow
Unit: Development
maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys
Piaget
Unit: Development
4 stages of cognitive development
Vygotsky
Unit: Development
Cognitive Development:
parental instruction + environmental factors → development
parents provide scaffolding for children’s cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development = distance between where learner is vs. where learner could be
Kohlberg
Unit: Development
6 stages of moral development
Gilligan
Unit: Development
development of women's morality and sense of self
men prioritize justice when making moral decisions, women prioritize a care orientation
Ainsworth
Unit: Development
theory of attachment
4 attachment styles
“Strange Situation” experiment
Baumrind
Unit: Development
styles of parenting: authoritarian, authoritative and permissive
Lorenz
Unit: Development
founding fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior
imprinting
Kübler-Ross
Unit: Development
five stages of grief
Maslow
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
hierarchy of needs
Ekman
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
study of emotions in relation to facial expressions
Selye
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
“general adaptation syndrome,” which could lead to
shock,
alarm
and eventually exhaustion
Schachter and Singer
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
two factor theory of emotion
Lazarus
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
model of stress and coping
stress depends on the person's cognitive appraisal of the stressful event, and the subsequent type of behavioral coping strategy used.
Lewin
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
founder of modern social psychology
expanding on gestalt theories and applying them to human behavior
experiential learning = learning from experience
Field Theory = behavior is the result of the individual and the environment
LeDoux
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
first to discover that it is the amygdala that produces a behavioral response when we feel a threat
Mischel
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
personality theory and social psychology
behavior is not simply the result of his or her traits, but fundamentally dependent on situational cues
marshmallow test
Kinsey
Unit: Motivation + Emotion
Kinsey believed that sexuality is fluid and subject to change over time
sexual behavior comprises more than physical contact. It also includes desire, arousal, attraction, and fantasy
Binet
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
invented the first practical IQ test
Terman
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
Further development and refinement of the Binet-Simon IQ test
Galton
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
negative contributions to psychology:
believed that intelligence and most other physical and mental characteristics of humans were inherited and biologically based
operationalized intelligence as reaction time
Spearman
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
two-factor theory proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s").
Wechsler
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Cattell
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
fluid versus crystallized intelligence
16-factor personality model
Sternberg
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
triarchic theory of intelligence
Gardner
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
theory of multiple intelligences
Flynn
Unit: Intelligence + Testing
The Flynn effect
Alfred Adler
Unit: Personality
Neo-Freudian
Inferiority Complex = unconscious feelings of inadequacy
Compensation = attempts to make up for deficiencies (real or imagined)
Jung (YOONG)
Unit: Personality
Neo-Freudian
collective unconscious = instinctive memories common to all humans like genetic code
archetypes = ancient images that appear in art/literature
animus vs. anima = masculine vs. feminine aspects of personality
introversion vs. extraversion
Horney
Unit: Personality
Neo-Freudian
founder of feminine psychiatry
gender power imbalances affect
→ mental health
→ development of psychological theories
Basic Anxiety = sense of uncertainty and isolation
3 coping behaviors:
toward others
against others
away from others
Allport
Unit: Personality
three-tiered hierarchy of personality traits, consisting of:
Cardinal traits: Rare, but strongly deterministic of behavior.
Central traits: Present to varying degrees in all people
Secondary traits: These are traits that are only present under certain conditions and circumstances
Eysenck
Unit: Personality
= believed personality comes from genetics
3 scales
introversion vs extroversion
stability vs neuroticism
self-control vs psychoticism
developed the concept of neuroticism, arguing that it was a biological form of emotional instability
Costa and McCrae
Unit: Personality
NEO Personality Inventory (or NEO-PI) to measure neuroticism, extraversion, and openness
Rogers
Unit: Personality
founders of humanistic psychology.
client-centered approach to psychotherapy
unconditional positive regard
Rosenhan
Unit: Clinical Psychology
famous experiment → determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis
1973 study aimed to investigate the reliability of staff in psychiatric hospitals to identify the sane from the insane
Szasz
Unit: Clinical Psychology
“The Myth of Mental Illness” questioned the legitimacy of clinical psychology field
believes that the concept of mental illness is not only logically absurd but has harmful consequences
Aaron Beck
Unit: Clinical Psychology
believed that depression-prone individuals develop a negative self-schema
cognitive triad
Albert Ellis
Unit: Clinical Psychology
rational emotive behavior therapy = cognitive theory developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors
Wolpe
Unit: Clinical Psychology
systematic desensitization
developed the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) for assessing the level of subjective discomfort or psychological pain
Linehan
Unit: Clinical Psychology
creator of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive restructuring with acceptance, mindfulness, and shaping
Asch
Unit: Social Psychology
conformity line experiment
Festinger
Unit: Social Psychology
research concerned how people resolve conflict (group dynamics), ambiguity (social comparison), and inconsistency (cognitive dissonance)
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