Classical/Operant Conditioning Quiz

classical conditioning

learning in which one links two or more stimuli and anticipate events - Pavlov

behaviorism

psychology should be objective (fact, no interpretations) science; study behavior without reference to mental process

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically creates a response

-> food for dogs

unconditioned response

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to a US

-> salvation for dogs

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no responses before conditioning

-> a bell for dogs

conditioned stimulus

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a US, comes to trigger a conditioned response

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

example of cc

the school bell

acquisition

when a link is made between neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus causing a response

• neutral stimulus is always first

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

only using the tone for a long time = dogs stop salivating

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

generalization

the tendency to respond to a similar conditioned stimulus

• buzzer instead of tone made dogs salivate

• Watson & Raynor - Albert

discrimination

the ability to distinguish between two different but similar stimuli

operant conditioning

learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

• Thorndike

• BF Skinner

Law of Effect

rewarded behavior is likely to recur, punished behavior is less likely to recur

Albert

became afraid of anything furry/white because of steel bars making noise when rat appeared

Albert Examples

US - steel bars (noise)

UR - crying

CS - rat (was neutral)

CR - crying

Thorndike

studied cats in mazes, created law of effect

shaping

rewarding approximate behavior

positive reinforcement

strengthens behavior by adding something pleasurable after a response

• candy after answering question

negative reinforcement

strengthens behavior by removing something unpleasant

• working hard = no sprints at end of practice

primary reinforcers

a natural, unlearned reinforcer

• candy

secondary/conditioned reinforcer

stimulus that gets reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer

• money tossed after answering question

fixed ratio

reinforcement given after set number of behaviors

• every 10 objects made = getting paid

variable ratio

reinforcement given after random number of behaviors

• slot machine

fixed interval

reinforcement is given after set period of time

• pay day

variable interval

reinforcement given after random period of time

• fishing

punishment

decreases a behavior that it follows, often equals negative emotions

punishment works by being…

• swift

• consistent

• constant

reinforcer

strengthens behavior

punisher

diminishes behavior