Social system organized according to class that included lords, nobles, royalty, peasants, and serfs
Feudal System
denial of the existence of God
Atheism
Removal of some or all of the temporal punishment for sins that have already been forgiven
Indulgence
the forgiveness of all punishments due to sin
Plenary Indulgence
Ruled over individual districts known as manors
Lords
Poor farmers who were bound to the manor where they were born
Serfs
The king of France who promoted Christianity throughout his kingdom and died a Saint
Louis IX
the act of buying or selling Church Privileges
Simony
the appointment of the clergy by lay people
Lay Investiture
The consequence of sin which entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures which must be purified wither here on earth on after death in a state called purgatory
Temporal Punishment
considered the ideal Christians during this time period who worked to keep the faith
Monks
Founded in 910, restored Benedictine Rule to what it originally was, stressed liturgy and continuous prayer, generous to the poor, many members became pope, under the pope (royalty couldn’t control)
Abbey of Cluny
had a desire for penance and poverty that drove many men and women into secluded places: forests, caves, islands, and deserts
Hermit
Men and women who shut themselves up in cells built against the sides of churches for a life of prayer
Anchorite
Combined the life of a hermit (eremitic life) with communal life
St. Bruno
A new order founded to recapture the Benedictine austerity, Very poor in clothing, food, and buildings, Simple liturgy, Solitude in the middle of forests, Known for clearing and improving the land, Most well-known Cistercian- St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Cistercians
Worked at clergy reform and the Christianization of society, Stressed union with God over asceticism (strong self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence), Taught that all religion should lead to charity, A Father of the Church, Founded 66 abbeys in his lifetime
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Priests who followed the religious rule of St. Augustine (Rule of St. Augustine is based on love of God and neighbor)
Regular Canons
OPPOSITES: Jesus-forgive enemies, turn the other cheek, love your neighbor
Mohammed-raid, pillage, murder , fight, and force conversions, 15 wives (youngest 9, 11 at one time)
Jesus and Mohammed
holy war, accepted death enthusiastically in their ‘striving on the road to God’
Jihad
Church center shifts from Rome to North, Constantinople most important Christian center in East
Results of Muslim domain
Spread heresy even though the Church supported his theories, treated theories as facts, Church allowed him to continue studies while under house arrest
Galileo
the book of Psalms
Psalter
Grave matter, full knowledge, complete consent
List the 3 conditions for a Mortal Sin
Death, Judgement, Heaven, and Hell
4 last things
Jesus, Others, Yourself
JOY stands for
At this time, it was the Catholic faith that united the people of
Europe
Holy things sold, selling of indulgence, lay investiture, Concorde of worms (1122), Lateran Council (1123); The Church REFORMED
Know the major abuses going on during the High Middle Ages and the Church’s response to them
When did the crusades begin?
1095
Who asked for the crusades and why?
Emperor Alexius of the Eastern Roman Empire to help protect Eastern Christians
What had been the Christian response to 400 years of killing, enslavement, robbing, etc. prior to the crusades?
they prayed for their enemies
Pope Urban II called all Christians to come to the aid of their Eastern brothers and sisters
Council of Clermont
Who was supposed to be in charge of the crusades and who wasn’t?
Pope and representative in charge, Kings and Princes not in charge
What motivated people to fight in the crusades?
Religious conviction, Promise of money, land, indulgences, etc. if they survived (66% died)
What was the end result of the 4 major Crusades?
failure to retake Holy Lands
What did the Venetians do during the 4th Crusade, what was the pope’s response?
Sacked Constantinople; Pope excommunicated them
What were the lasting effects on the East/West relationship because of the Crusades?
drove the wedge deeper between the east and west
Official Catholic court that examined charges of heresy; Church would judge cases, state or civil powers: NOT INQUISITION - who would try the heretic and punished them with imprisonment, fines, pilgrimages, or death
Ecclesiastical Inquisition
What were the goals of the Inquisition Court?
Conversion and Salvation
What religious group of people was tried at the Inquisitional Court?
only Catholics
Why did the Civil governments (not the Church) put heretics to death?
it was seen as destructive to the social order
Did creating the Ecclesiastical Inquisition increase or decrease deaths?
decrease
How often was torture used and for how long?
2% overall once for 15 minutes
What was the Church’s penalty for being Heretic?
excommunication
What did the Civil Governments sometimes do to a person who had been guilty of heresy?
killed them
What were the 3 goals of the Crusades in a nutshell? (ESSAY)
help people, protect people, and prevent more people from dying
The crusades are seen as a dark mark on Church History. Some argue that the Church cannot claim to be infallible in her teachings because she promoted a religious war that was clearly unjust. How would you answer this viewpoint? (ESSAY)
There is a difference between revealed teachings of Christ (those things which are infallibly proclaimed by the Church) and mistakes made by people within the Church. Also, the Crusades were a response to 400 years of suffering! People seem to forget it. The Church is made up of sinners and saints.
“There is no saint without a past and no sinner without a future.” -St. Augustine