Chapter 2 marine test review

what are the 3 primary reasons for early civilization to interact with the ocean?

A search for food, trade with other countries, and the discovery of new lands

Who established the 1st trade route through the Mediterranean Sea?

the Phoenicians

What are the time periods in chronological order of the marine science timeline?

500o B.C. To 800 A.D.: Ancient exploration,

800 A.D. to 1400 A.D. the Middle Ages,

1400 A.D. to 1700s: European Voyage of discovery

1700 A.D. to 1900 A.D. : the birth of marine science

1900s to the present: 20th century marine science

What is the 1st historical reference to a voyage?

Noahs arch

What was the 1st recorded sea voyage of any kind?

3200 B.C. When Pharaoh Snefru brought a ship from Phoenicia to Egypt. (40 Ships)

The Phoenicians contributed to Ocean exploration by discovering the first what?

The 1st trade route in North African Mediterranean coast

What type of navigation did the Phoenicians primarily use?

Piloting- traveling with sight of land

What was the Polynesians’ big break through, something that no other group had done before?

The 1st long distance travel in the open ocean, beyond the sight of land

What were the two things that Greeks were the first to use in order to create a map?

Mathematics and celestial navigation

What is the library of Alexandria?

Was in charge of collecting all of the knowledge in the world. Also a library, museum, hotel, and the 1st university. It burned down in 48 B.C.

Who was the first scholar to observe and research animals from the ocean?

Aristotle

What are some of Aristotle accomplishments?

Identified a lot of species from the ocean. He recognized that cetaceans are mammals. All mammals are oviparous or viviparous- giving birth to a living being

The Middle Ages are known for what types of advances?

None, it is the **suppressing of further advancements**

List all of the innovations of the Chinese.

The central rudder, water tight compartments and the compass was invented in 1125 but wasn’t used in the west until 1433

Who were the first people to come to North America?

The Vikings

What purpose did Columbus have for expedition?

To find a route to Asia and East of India by sailing West

Who had the 1st expedition around the world?

Ferdinand Magellan, unsuccessful because he died in the Philippines and was funded by Spain.

James Cook was different than previous explorers. How?

Other Voyage’s were for trade routes, but he did it for the sole purpose of science and Ocean Exploration

What was James Cook looking for when he died?

A passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean above North America.

Darwin is best known for what discoveries? Where and when did he come up with these discoveries?

Theory of Natural Selection & The Evolution of Species. Made these discoveries on the HMS Beagle Expedition in the Galapagos

Who is the “Father of Oceanography“?

Matthew Maury

In the beginning of time, what methods were used to explore the ocean?

Piloting

What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on Marine discovery(ies)?

lead to growth and expansion.

What has the use of submersibles and self-contained diving drone of Marine Science?

Previously pulled things from the bottom of the ocean blindly. Now can be select what the want to collect not blindly. Also observing organisms in their natural habitats without killing them and observing their behavior

Make a list of the types of submersibles:

Bathysphere, Bathyscaphes, and Modern Day Deep-Diving

Advantages of submersibles are:

Go deeper for longer amounts of time

Advantages for self-contained diving are:

Cost, simplicity, portable, size and easily maneuverable

How deep is the Challenger Deep?

The Mariana’s Trench the deepest point in the ocean is 6.8 miles deep

How does its depth compare to the highest of the tallest mountain?

The tallest mountain Mountain Everest would still be submerged under 6,592 feet

What is the name of the Submersible that discovered the Titanic?

(Remotely Operated Vehicle or) ROV Alvin

Who discovered the Titanic?

Robert Ballard

What does “SCUBA” stand for?

Self contained underwater breathing apparatus

what are the highlights of the US Exploring Expedition?

\-Authorized by congress in 1836

\-Proved the existence of Antarctica

What are the highlights of HMS Challenger Expedition?

1st voyage only for marine science. Lasted for 1,000 Days (about 3.5 years). 1st sounding over 4,000 meters deep. Captured biological specimens from plankton to deep ocean organism. It took 23 years to analyze all of the data. Published in 29,500 page report making it a 50 volume work.

what are the highlights of the German Meteor Expedition?

collected temperature, salinity and depth and info to determine a pattern. Echo sounding to map Atlantic Sea floor

What are the highlights of the USS Atlantis Expedition?

1st ship specifically designed and built for Ocean studies. Confirmed the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

what are the highlights of the HMS Challenger Expedition 2?

Documenting physical, chemical, and geological and biological info the challenger deep. Deepest known point in the ocean “Mariana’s Trench.”

List 5 facts about longitude lines:

**North and South**.-Begins & Ends at the poles. Known as **Meridians**.______ comparing local surprise to sunrise in **Greenwich, England**. 15 degrees per hour and a degree per 4 minutes. Never intersect. 0 meridian is the Prime Meridian located in Greenwich, England

list 5 facts about latitude lines:

Goes from East to West direction. Do not ever intersect. Called “parallels”. Equally spaced but are the same length. 1 degree of _____ equals 60 nautical miles. -180 degrees West to 180 degrees East

What are the benefits of the GPS?

More accurate navigation

what is the name of the 1st submersible?

the ROV Alvin

ROVs can reach what percentage of the ocean?

98%

what is the latest Ocean Research vehicle?

AUVs