Ch 8: Human system and resource use

Renewable Natural Capital

________: can be generated and /or replaced as fast as it is being used.

photosynthesis

It includes living species and ecosystems that use solar energy and ________.

Deforestation

________: is the clearing of forested land on purpose, which is intended for other uses.

DTM

________: Demographic transition model shows us that countries progress through recognized stages through the process in transition from LEDC to MEDC.

CBR

________ does not calculate the age and gender structure of the population.

GFR

________: General fertility rate is the number of births per thousand women aged between 15- 49 years old.

ASBR

________: Age specific birth rate is the number of births per 1000 women of any specific year group.

ASMR

________: Age specific mortality rates is the number of deaths per 1000 women of any age group.

Fossil fuels

________: is the burning of fuels which leads to an increase in sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere, which causes acid rain.

NIR

________: natural increase rate in the CDR from the CBR.

Human development Index

________ (HDI): is a statistic composite index of health (life expectancy), wealth (gross domestic product, GDP), and education, all in one value.

Child Mortality

________, higher child mortality leads to lower fertility and reproduction.

IMR

________: infant mortality rates is the number of deaths in children under 1 years old per 1000 live births.

Crude birth rate

________: is the number of live births per 1000 people in a population.

Capital

________ includes: natural resources which have value to us, trees, soil, water.

Natural capital

________ as a concept is dynamic, the marketable value of that capital varies regionally and over time.

death rate

Early Expanding (LEDCs): ________ decreases as quality of life improves, and diseases decrease which ensures that their lifespan increases.

Sewage

________: untreated sewage left to be released as food for bacteria, which use up a lot of oxygen supply of the water.

Fertility

________: Total Fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of births per women of childbearing age.

Human population

________ can be calculated using many formulas, some of the ways to measure population changes are:

Natural Capital

________ is a resource which has some value to humans, these are the goods and services that we use.

natural capital

As resources are used, ________ or stocks are depleted, new sources of resources need to be found.

Crude birth rate

is the number of live births per 1000 people in a population

Fertility

Total Fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of births per women of childbearing age

GFR

General fertility rate is the number of births per thousand women aged between 15-49 years old

ASBR

Age specific birth rate is the number of births per 1000 women of any specific year group

ASMR

Age specific mortality rates is the number of deaths per 1000 women of any age group

IMR

infant mortality rates is the number of deaths in children under 1 years old per 1000 live births

Doubling time

is the time it takes for a population to double in size/value

Human development Index (HDI)

is a statistic composite index of health (life expectancy), wealth (gross domestic product, GDP), and education, all in one value

Fossil fuels

is the burning of fuels which leads to an increase in sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere, which causes acid rain

Sewage

untreated sewage left to be released as food for bacteria, which use up a lot of oxygen supply of the water

Deforestation

is the clearing of forested land on purpose, which is intended for other uses

Grazing

livestock grazing is the feeding of herbivores which feed on plants such as grass and other organisms

DTM

Demographic transition model shows us that countries progress through recognized stages through the process in transition from LEDC to MEDC

Renewable Natural Capital

can be generated and/or replaced as fast as it is being used

Natural income

is the rate of replacement of a particular resource or natural capital

Capital includes

natural resources which have value to us, trees, soil, water

Non-Renewable Natural capital

is either irreplaceable or only replaced over geological timescales, such as fossil fuels, minerals, soil, water in aquifers

Use valuation

natural capital we can put a price on, such as the economic price of marketable goods, ecological functions, recreational functions

Non-use Valuation

natural capital that is impossible to put a price tag on, such as if it has intrinsic value, future uses we do not know yet, if it has value by existing for future generations

Intrinsic values

values that are not determined by their potential use to humans, their value is given vary by different factors such as culture, religion

Ecological value

value that have no formed market price byt are essential to humans (photosynthesis for example)

Economic value

value that is determined from the market price of the good and service a resources produce

Aseptic Value

no market price, similar to ecological value

**Solid Domestic Waste (SDW)**

or municipal solid waste is the trash, garbage, rubbish from residential and urban areas which we produce.

**The Circular Economy**

we find the raw materials or natural capital (take) as we use energy to produce goods (make)

**Strategies to minimise waste**

These can be summarised into the three R’s, reduce, reuse, recycle

**Reduce**

Means to use fewer resources and to stress Earth’s resources less

**Reuse**

This is where the products are used for something other than their original purpose, or they are returned to their manufacturer and used once more.

**Recycle**

This waste is converted into reusable material.

**Carrying capacity**

maximum number of species or ‘load’ that can be sustainably supported by a given area

**Ecological Footprint (EF)**

Human beings have enormous impact on natural environment, and ultimately on each other.

**Earthshare**

is the amount of land each person would get is all the ecologically productive land on Earth were divided evenly among the present world population