1) Economic Activity and Energy

Globalisation

The increasing interconnectivity and independence of nations and its people across the globe

Raw Materials

Items which more complex items are made from (e.g. coal, iron, limestone)

Economic Sector

The type of jobs that people do, categorized into Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Sectoral/ Economic Shift

The change from one economic sector to another as the economy develops

Decentralisation

Movement of businesses from CBD to suburban and urban fringe areas

Informal Sector

Unregulated, unskilled, labor-intensive jobs with no worker protection or taxation

Underemployment

Working below skill level or qualifications

Unemployment

Not having a job

Paratransit

Unregulated transport services like taxis and buses

LIC

Low income country

HIC

High income country

Energy Efficiency

Using energy more carefully to reduce overall use and pollution

Energy Conservation

Behaviors that use less energy

Renewable Energy

Energy sources that can be used repeatedly

Non-Renewable Energy

Resources that are finite and cannot be replaced

Energy Gap

When a country can't meet its energy demand with its resources

Energy Mix

Combination of primary energy sources used to meet a country’s energy demand

Primary Sector

Extracts raw materials from nature

Secondary Sector

Concerned with manufacturing

Tertiary Sector

Provides services to consumers

Quaternary Sector

Focuses on information, communications, research, and development

Clark Fisher Model

Describes changes in economic sectors over time

Developed Countries

Shift towards tertiary sector due to higher GDP

Emerging Countries

Shift towards secondary and tertiary sectors due to industrialization

Developing Countries

Shift towards industrialization and service sectors

Physical Factors

Influence location of economic activities like accessibility and raw materials

Socio-economic Factors

Influence location based on communications, government policies, labor supply, and markets

Urban Fringe

Benefits and drawbacks of decentralization to suburban areas

Reasons for Sector Changes

Mechanization, urbanization, and technological advancements

Globalisation

Driven by better transport, TNCs, and communication improvements

Government Policy

Enterprise Zones attract foreign investment and boost the economy

Unstable income

Income that fluctuates due to factors like weather and customer flow, making it unreliable and leaving workers vulnerable to financial shocks.

Informal sector

Jobs that are untaxed and not regulated by the government, leading to reduced tax collection and hindering funding for country improvements.

Lack of health regulations

Absence of government regulations on safety and health standards, exposing workers and customers to diseases, especially in the food sector.

Absence of long-term planning

Workers in the informal sector lack security for the future and may face extended periods without income stability.

Malthusian theory

Theory suggesting that human population grows faster than food supply, potentially leading to food shortages and population control through lower birth rates or increased mortality.

Boserup theory

Theory optimistic about food supply accommodating population growth through innovation and agricultural intensification, driven by the need to feed more people.

Energy gap

Situation where a country needs to import energy to meet demand, making it energy insecure and reliant on external sources.

Energy efficiency

Using energy more carefully and reducing wasteful consumption to lower overall energy use and pollution levels.

Energy conservation

Behaviors aimed at reducing energy consumption, such as installing solar panels, insulating buildings, and using energy-efficient appliances.

Nepal's energy resource management

Example of using micro-hydro plants to provide reliable and low-cost electricity in a country with limited fossil fuels and challenges in importing energy.