history

Orthodox

Traditional interpretation.

Heterodox

Ideas or beliefs that deviate from orthodox standards.

Unorthodox

Non-traditional interpretation.

Lingua franca

A language adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Baraka

In Islam, barakah is an Arabic word that means 'blessing' and refers to a spiritual power that originates with God and flows through people and objects.

Pluralism

A worldview, a political philosophy, and a way of living in a diverse society.

Jizyah

Tax paid to Muslim rulers by non-Muslim populations.

Syncretic

Combination of various religions and beliefs/practices.

Pantheism

Doctrine that identifies God with the universe or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.

Ghazal

A form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam, which follows the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad.

Shia

The second largest branch of Islam, predominant in Iran, which regards Ali as Muhammad's first true successor.

Isma’ili

A member of a branch of Shiite Muslims that seceded from the main group in the 8th century.

Consort

The partner/husband/wife of a god or goddess.

Avatar

Incarnation of a deity in human (or animal) form in the physical world.

Mausoleum

A large, impressive burial tomb.

Minaret

A tall, slender tower found at mosques, used to call Muslims to prayer.