Vocabulary (word and definition)
Orthodox: traditional interpretation
Heterodox: ideas or beliefs that deviate from orthodox standards
Unorthodox: non-traditional interpretation
Lingua franca: a language adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.
Baraka: In Islam, barakah is an Arabic word that means "blessing" and refers to a spiritual power that originates with God and flows through people and objects
Pluralism: A worldview, a political philosophy, and a way of living in a diverse society
Jizyah: tax paid to Muslim rulers by non-Muslim populations
Syncretic: combination of various religions and beliefs/practices
Pantheism doctrine identifies God with the universe or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.
Ghazal: ghazal is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry.
Sunni: The Largest branch of Islam. It comes from the Arabic word Sunnah and follows the teachings and sayings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. 87-90% of Muslims are Sunni.
Shia: The second largest branch of Islam. It’s followed mainly in Iran, which rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor. 10-13% of Muslims are Shia.
Isma’ili: a member of a branch of Shiite Muslims that seceded from the main group in the 8th century because of their belief that Ismail, the son of the sixth Shiite imam, should have become the seventh imam.
Consort: the partner/husband/wife of a god or goddess
Avatar: incarnation of a deity in human (or animal form) in the physical world.
Mausoleum:
Minaret:
Key Terms Details Who (if it's a person), what (if it's a place, a thing, or an idea), when (give an approximate period. This can be dates from the textbook, or the name of an era, such as "Eastern Zhou), where (be specific!) and how (for example, how did people use this? If it's a system, how was it implemented? etc.). Significance Why do we care, as historians? How did they (person) or it (place, thing, idea) affect the historical context in which they or it existed? To whom was it relevant: elites? Ordinary people? Both in different ways? Did it help or harm people in power? Did it involve change, or did it help provide stability? How does this help us understand the historical context? Does it relate to any of our PERCS, Religion, or Empire? | ||
Sufi Appear in the 8th century Practice meditation Mystics Muslim Inclusive of other religious traditions Unorthodox/heterodox Organized into brotherhoods, led by saints/masters Emphasized individual relationship to God rather than rules and laws Offered places of rest to travelers along trade routes and ports Akbar welcomed Sufis (and many others) to his court Poetry and songs were used to teach new adherents | ||
Dhimmis A non-muslim protected by the law yet separate from it. “dhimmis”, had to pay Jizyah but were exempt from military service. Included Christianity, Judaism, and other monotheistic religions South Asia extended the dhimmi status to non-monotheists which was highly unorthodox in the Middle East standards. This included Hinduism and Buddhism •Acceptance and inclusivity to other religions. •Lack of hostility based on religion due to this •Difference between Middle Eastern and South Asian standards when it came to the law and who was protected by it | ||
Mughals Members of the Muslim Mughal dynasty, an empire that existed from 1526 to 1857 In South India, the Mughals were the richest and most powerful, allowing them to control most of the country. At its peak, around 1700, the empire controlled most of the Indian peninsula. The Mughal Empire ruled as Muslims and invaded as Muslims. The large Hindu population that they controlled was ironic considering the The Mughal Empire was Muslim. The empire was a large patron to art and learning, their rule leading to cultural, artistic, and linguistic trades and exchanges between people within India. The Mughals also brought Persian art and culture into India, eventually becoming a large part of Indian art. Despite a large Hindu population, the Mughals were vital in connecting the Hindus and Muslims they ruled. The Mughals also brought together most of India under one area. The Mughal Empire relied on the trading of textiles and spices to Europe. Urdu, a language of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi, was created by the Mughal Empire after it invaded and incorporated all of the different cultures. | ||
Akbar Was the third Mughal emperor, reigned from 1556 to 1605. Centralized government Improved tax system by abolishing the poll tax on non-muslims, also known as Dhimmis. It also included other monotheistic religions. Founded the city of Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar also extended the reach of the Mughal dynasty across the Indian subcontinent. Decided to ‘tolerate’ other religions (as in not Islam) in the Mughal Empire Akbar is responsible for the massive (yes massive) growth of the Mughal Empire. He welcomed Sufi and many others to his court. When he extended the Mughal empire, It brought more popularity to the empire thus bringing more merchants for trade. Akbar expanded the Mughal Empire to its largest size. He conquered many parts of India, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, and the Deccan Plateau. His smart military tactics and political skills helped him bring the diverse region of India under control. His reign was marked by significant cultural and religious tolerance, as he sought to integrate diverse peoples and religions into his empire. Akbar abolished oppressive taxes on non-Muslims, promoted a policy of religious dialogue, and even attempted to create a syncretic religion called Din-i Ilahi. His contributions to art, architecture, and the Persian language also left a lasting legacy, making the Mughal Empire a powerful and sophisticated cultural force. Akbar’s leadership style, which blended pragmatism with idealism, earned him the respect of his subjects and solidified his place as one of history’s most remarkable rulers. | ||
Urdu
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Ulema Muslim Scholars Specialist knowledge Focused on sacred law and theology Local Authority Used law-making making Orthodox Institutionalized forms of authority Enforced through punishment and reward Muslim rulers were known for patronizing scholars who opposed these scholars who were rulers. They were not as inclusive in the ways of Islam as the Sufi. They Determined what was Islamic In some situations, the Ulema and Sufis saw past their different beliefs and worked together to build authority | ||
Rajput
The members from the Rajput caste were allowed to keep their current power. When they were married into Islamic families they were not expected to convert to the Muslim religion. This shows how the empire that conquered the Rajputs was accepting and open to diversity. | ||
Din-i-ilahi
Added to Akbar’s legacy of openness to other faiths and traditions because of the diverse religions that were incorporated. The goal was to reduce religious conflict and promote harmony between the diverse peoples in Akbar's empire, particularly Hindus and Muslims. Akbar viewed himself as somewhat of a god, and his new religion was centered around him as a deity. Functioned less as a religion and more as an ethical system that discouraged lust and alcohol. | ||
Delhi Sultanate
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Mongols
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Nur Jahan
Having a woman ruling an empire (even if it was temporary) was strange in this period especially when men were mainly considered more intelligent than women. Having Nur Jahan in a powerful position when her husband was sick instead of another male shows us how this empire thought and treated women. | ||
Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan signed a treaty with the Deccan Sultanates that led to peace among the groups for twenty years. This shows the important relationships and interactions throughout the Indian subcontinent. | ||
Mansabdar
Akbar founded the Mansabdar system and it significantly improved the military used in the Mughal empire because it was more efficient and ensured loyalty through ranks and salaries within the military and improved the overall status of the empire. jk | ||
Babur |
| Babur not only founded the Mughul empire but paved the way with new war tactics and ways to expand his empire. |
Aurangzeb |
| Aurangzeb was credited with substantially expanding the empire during his short rule. After his death, the empire began to fall. |
Humayan | Babur’s son who inherited territories, defeated the Afghans and took back the Mughal throne. | |
Jagirs |
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Bhakti - Tori |
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Tamil- Akash & Wyatt & Wes | Tamil is a Dravidian language and is considered one of the oldest surviving classical languages in the world, with a literary tradition spanning over 2,000 years. One of the longest surviving languages from India, and spoken by the Tamil people. Tamil was used for trade merchants for a common language and there were many written records of the language. | |
Ramanuja |
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Purana |
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Vishnu Allie |
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Krishna-morgan |
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Shiva |
| Shiva is significant because he is one of the major gods in Hinduism. Shiva also had a sect of the Hindu religion based on him. |
Mahadevi | ||
Mirabai |
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Chaitanya | ||
Kabir- landon+wes+wyatt | 15th-century Indian poet-saint, mystic, and spiritual figure lived between 1440 and 1518 CE Arabic term that refers to pride, ignorance Known as negative traits Kabir was a poet who influenced the bhakti movement with his writings. He was also against another term for the saint. His writing is found in the Sikhism scripture Guru Granth Sahib. |
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Jainism- morgan | -non-violence (not harming any living beings) -truthfulness, non-stealing (won't take anything unless it is willingly given to them) -non-attachment -The goal of Jainism is to achieve liberation of the soul by living rightly and following the three jewels of Jain ethic -samyagdarshana (right faith), samyagjnana (right knowledge), and samyakcharitra (right conduct) | |
Zoroastrian Allie |
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Carvaka | ||
Malabar Christians- morgan | Indian Christians from the southwest coast of India are usually called the Malabar Christians. | |
Jesuits, Grace + Sarah |
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Hinduism |
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Guru Nanak |
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Sikhism -marin landon elliott |
| Sikhism followed a tumultuous time in Hinduism, as the religion became more divided into specific factions and where personal love for (a specific) god was the main focus. |
Adi Granth (Guru Granth). | ||
Taj Mahal- allie |
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