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What was the political challenge for leaders in 1814?
to construct a settlement that would last and not sow the seeds of another war
a) what did the “victorious powers” not foment:
a spirit of injustice and revenge in the defeated country
The Carlsbad Decrees required the German states to
root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers
Why was the idea of national “self-determination” [nationalism] repellent to Metternich
it threatened to destroy the Austrian Empire and revolutionize Central Europe
What were the two basic principles of “laissez faire”
unrestricted private expertise & no government interference in the economy
What did Johann Gottfried von Herder argue for?
each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity
a) who did von Herder influence
early advocates of the “national idea” or nationalism
Why were the early French socialist thinkers disturbed by the rise of laissez faire and the emergency of modern industry in Britain
they saw these developments as fomenting selfish individualism and splitting the community isolated into fragments
According to socialist thinker, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, was what property:
profit that was stolen from the worker, who was the source of all wealth