Period 6 APUSH Vocabulary Words

Henry Ward Beecher

Henry Ward Beecher was a prominent 19th-century American clergyman, social reformer, and abolitionist known for his support of the Civil War and women's suffrage. In the 1850s, he helped raise money to support the New England Emigrant Aid Company in its efforts to keep slavery out of Kansas territory.

Salvation Army

A Protestant Christian denomination and international charitable organization known for its social services and humanitarian aid. Founded in 1865 by William and Catherine Booth. This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Booker T Washington

.A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

W.E.B. DuBois

A black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; He advocated for racial equality and education, he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse was a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn

J.M. Chivington

J.M. Chivington, known for leading the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 during the Indian Wars.He was a colonel in the United States Army who served in the American Indian Wars during the Colorado War and the New Mexico Campaigns of the American Civil War. He and his army massacred many Indians.

Sitting Bull

One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man " as well as being influential." He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux War from 1876-1877. The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force.

Chief Joseph

He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people he tried retreating to Canada with his people. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in 1877.

Plessy v. Ferguson

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites. "Separate but equal" Principle underlying legal racial segregation, upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments as having many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, in 1893. It explains the origin of the distinctive egalitarian, democratic, aggressive, and innovative features of the American character that has been the American frontier experience.

John D. Rockefeller

An American industrialist and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of America's richest men.

Victorian Society

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support

William M. Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3 million.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians.

Samuel Gompers

A union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Occurred when Custer marched his column of men deep into Sioux territory to stop possible uprising due to his claim to gold in the Black Hills. Custer came upon 2500 Sioux warriors at this place. The colonel and his men were killed and the Native Americans faced revenge from whites.

United States v. E.C. Knight Company

(1895) The Supreme Court ruled that since the Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company couldn't be controlled by the government.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This federal law was passed to prohibit certain business activities that federal government regulators deemed to be anti-competitive. It aimed at promoting fair competition for the benefit of consumers

Jane Addams

An American social worker, sociologist, philosopher and reformer. She was also the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, and a founder of the U.S. Settlement House Movement.

Monopoly

When a business owns all of their competition and their business because they were able to buy out the competitors.

populism

A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged upper class; increased farmers' political power and to work for legislation in their interest.

Discontent

Discontent refers to a feeling of dissatisfaction or unrest, often leading to social or political movements seeking change or reform.

manifesto

A public declaration of intentions, motives, or views issued by an individual or group. It can refer to significant political or social statements that outline beliefs or goals.

Herbert Spencer

(1820-1903) As the first major proponent of social Darwinism, he argued that human society and institutions are subject to the process of natural selection and that society naturally evolves for the better. Spencer is best known for coining the concept "survival of the fittest".

Eugene V. Debs

He was a labor leader who helped organize the American Railroad Union; the American Railroad Union went on strike against the Pullman Palace car company in 1894; the strike was put down by armed forces; Debs and other leaders were given six months imprisonment.

William Jennings Bryan

A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting.

Half-Breeds

The "Half-Breeds" were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century. The Half-Breeds were a comparably moderate group, and were the opponents of the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party.

Stalwarts

The Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling opposed all attempts at civil-service reform.

William James

A philosopher on Harvard faculty, wrote Principles of Psychology, The Will of to Believe, Varieties of Religious Experience, and Pragmatism; 1842-1910: Helped to express the philosophy of the nation.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement.

John Muir

A Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions.

Mark Twain

Born as Samuel Langhorne Clemens. An American author and humorist. Among his famous writings are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Lyceum

public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

Victoria Woodhull

Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements so that women could obtain greater economic independence and equality

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An American women's rights organization formed in May 1890. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote.

Stephen Crane

Stephen Crane was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition (The Red Badge of Courage) as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. one of the most innovative writers of his generation.

Susan B. Anthony

An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869.

Lester Frank Ward

Lester Frank Ward was a sociologist and a Darwinist, but he did not believe that Darwin's theories should be applied to society. He used Social Darwinism to emphasize that, unlike animals, humans had the ability to plan and change their future.

Thorstein Veblen

An American economist and sociologist, and a leader of the so-called institutional economics movement. Besides his technical work he was a popular and witty critic of capitalism, as shown by his best known book The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

Theodore Dreiser

An influential writer that encouraged other writers to abandon the genteel traditions of earlier times and turn to the social dislocations and injustices of the present.

Edward Bellamy

Looking Backward. Envisioned a utopian socialist society where the government owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens. Competition was irrelevant. The book inspired the creation of hundreds of Bellamy discussion clubs.

Mary Cassatt

An American impressionist painter and printmaker known as a portrait painter,.

Texas V. White

States do not have the right to unilaterally secede from the United States, so the Confederate states during the Civil War always remained part of the nation.