learning and motivation chap 7

postreinforcement pauses

Fixed schedules tend to produce ________ while variable schedules don't.

FR1

________ is the same as a continuous.

gradient effect

Goal ________: increase in the strength /efficiency of responding as one approaches the goal.

Noncontingent schedules

________: reinforcer is delivered independently of any response.

Premack principle

________: high- probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low- probability behavior (first work then play)

Response deprivation hypothesis

________: behavior can serve as a reinforcer when access to the behavior is restricted and its frequency thereby falls below its preferred level of occurrence.

Variable interval

________: reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable amount of time.

Variable duration schedule

________: behavior must be performed continuously for a varying, unpredictable period of time.

Adjunctive behaviors

________: innate tendencies, like fidgeting, that are elicited during a period of waiting.

Response

________ is not required for the reinforcer to be obtained.

ratio

Fixed ________: reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses.

Reinforcement

________ is provided for responding neither too fast nor too slow.

interval

Fixed ________: reinforcement is contingent on the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time.

previous reinforcer

Adjusting schedule: response requirement changes as a function of the organisms performance while responding for the ________.

Behavioral bliss

________ approach: organism with free access to alternate activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement.

predictable period of time

Fixed duration schedule: behavior must be performed continuously for a fixed, ________.

Incentive motivation

________: motivation that is derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state.

Characteristic response pattern

________: stable pattern that emerges once the organism has had considerable exposure to the schedule.

Variable ratio

________: reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses.

Schedule of reinforcement

________: response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement.

Reinforcement

________ is provided for responding at a slow rate.

Reinforcement

________ is provided for responding at a fast rate.

schedule of reinforcement

response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement

continuous reinforcement schedule

each specified response is reinforced

intermittent / partial reinforcement schedule

only some responses are reinforced

fixed ratio

reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses

short pause

post-reinforcement pause

variable ratio

reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses

fixed interval

reinforcement is contingent on the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time

scalloped pattern of responding

postreinforcement pause followed by a gradually increasing rate of response as the interval draws to a close

variable interval

reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable amount of time

characteristic response pattern

stable pattern that emerges once the organism has had considerable exposure to the schedule

duration schedules

reinforcement is contingent on performing a behavior continuously throughout a period of time

fixed duration schedule

behavior must be performed continuously for a fixed, predictable period of time

variable duration schedule

behavior must be performed continuously for a varying, unpredictable period of time

response-rate schedule

reinforcement is directly contingent upon the organisms rate of response

differential reinforcement of high rates

reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time

ex

swimming for sport

differential reinforcement of low rates

minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered

example

brushing teeth slowly

differential reinforcement of paced responding

reinforcement is contingent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate

ex

musical activities

noncontingent schedules

reinforcer is delivered independently of any response

fixed-time schedule

reinforcer is delivered following a fixed, predictable period of time, regardless of the organisms behavior

variable time schedule

reinforcer is delivered following a varying, unpredictable period of time, regardless of the organisms behavior

adjunctive behaviors

innate tendencies, like fidgeting, that are elicited during a period of waiting

complex schedules

consist of a combination of two or more simple schedules

conjunctive schedule

requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered

adjusting schedule

response requirement changes as a function of the organisms performance while responding for the previous reinforcer

chained schedule

consists of a sequence of two or more simple schedules

goal gradient effect

increase in the strength / efficiency of responding as one approaches the goal

backward chaining

train the final link first and the initial link last

drive reduction theory

an event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with a reduction in some type of physiological drive

incentive motivation

motivation that is derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state

premack principle

high-probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low-probability behavior (first work then play)

response deprivation hypothesis

behavior can serve as a reinforcer when access to the behavior is restricted and its frequency thereby falls below its preferred level of occurrence

behavioral bliss approach

organism with free access to alternate activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement