!Things to go over for final module exam (75 MCQ)!

What are liver function tests used for?

They are a group of blood tests used to assess the health and function of your liver. They help detect liver damage, disease, or abnormalities in liver-related processes.

What tests are included in the renal profile?

Tests that evaluate kidney function, including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes.

What is TSH?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; it regulates the production of hormones by the thyroid gland.

What is the primary function of TSH?

To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

What is electrophoresis?

A laboratory technique used to separate proteins based on their size and charge.

How many fractions can proteins be separated into during electrophoresis?

Five fractions: Albumin alpha 1, alpha 2, beta & gamma

What is a reference electrode?

An electrode that provides a stable reference potential against which other potentials can be measured.

What is a pH electrode?

An electrode used to measure the pH of a solution.

What is photometry?

A method of measuring the intensity of light, often used in chemical analysis.

What is the name of the electrolyte that can be measured in sweat to diagnose cystic fibrosis?

Chloride.

What tests are included in the electrolyte profile?

Tests that measure electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

Which electrolyte test results can be affected by fist pumping?

Potassium test results.

When can a hemolyzed specimen be obtained?

If blood is improperly handled or if the sample is very old.

What is metabolic acidosis?

A condition where there is an excess of acid in the body due to metabolic processes.

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A condition characterized by an increase in pH due to a loss of acid or gain of base.

What is respiratory acidosis?

A condition arising from a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood due to inadequate ventilation.

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A condition characterized by a decrease in carbon dioxide from excessive breathing.

What hormones does the pancreas release?

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

What are the three hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.

Which hormone stimulates the production of thyroid hormones?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

What is Troponin?

A protein found in heart muscle that is released during a heart attack.

What is myoglobin?

A protein that binds oxygen in muscles and is released into the bloodstream after muscle injury.

What tests are included in the cardiac profile?

Tests that monitor heart health, including troponin, creatine kinase, and myoglobin.

What tests are included in the lipid testing profile?

Tests that measure cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.

How long can urea stay in the fridge without changes?

Urea can remain stable for up to 48 hours in refrigerated conditions.

What tissue can be damaged by a buildup of bilirubin in a newborn?

Brain tissue.

What is the difference between creatine and creatinine?

Creatine is a muscle metabolism product, while creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine.

What does the creatinine clearance test measure?

It estimates the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys.

What would the creatinine clearance result be in chronic renal disease?

The result would be very low; the glomerular filtration rate would not be working normally.

What does hepatitis mean?

Inflammation of the liver.

What are buffers?

Substances that help maintain pH balance in a solution.

What anticoagulant is used for blood gases?

Heparin.

Do blood gas samples need to be handled as STAT?

Yes, they should be processed immediately.

What is FOBT?

Fecal Occult Blood Test; used to check for blood in the stool.

What is the guaiac test?

A type of FOBT that uses guaiac resin to detect blood.

What does the FOBT test screen for?

It screens for gastrointestinal bleeding.

What reagent/developer is used in the FOBT?

Guaiac resin or similar agents.

What color indicates a positive FOBT test?

Blue.

Should you apply a thin or thick smear of stool on the FOBT card?

A thin smear.

What are the two types of FOBT tests available?

Guaiac test and immunochemical test.

What are the advantages of the guaiac test?

It is simple to use and cost-effective.

What are the advantages of the immunochemical test?

Higher specificity for human blood.

What does TDM stand for?

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

Do we use COC for drug screening?

Yes, Chain of Custody protocols are often followed.

When can a urine drug screening test be done?

It can be done at any time but is often performed as soon as a sample is provided.

What is the renal threshold?

The point at which a substance is excreted in the urine because it exceeds the kidney’s reabsorption capacity.

What is a 24-hour urine collection?

A test where all urine produced in 24 hours is collected to assess kidney function.

What is oliguria?

A condition defined as producing less than 400 ml of urine per day.

What is polyuria?

A condition characterized by the production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine.

What is hematuria?

The presence of blood in the urine.

What is anuria?

Absence of urine production.

What is diuresis?

Increased production of urine.

What is hypokalemia?

A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood.

What is hyperkalemia?

An increase in serum potassium levels.

What is MSU?

Midstream Urine.

What is CCMSU?

Clean-Catch Midstream Urine.

What is the procedure for collecting MSU?

Clean the genital area and collect midstream urine in a sterile container.

What is the procedure for collecting CCMSU?

Collect urine after cleaning the area and beginning to urinate, then catching the midstream.

For microbiology, which specimen is collected to detect UTI causing microorganisms?

CCMSU.

How is a catheterized urine specimen collected?

Using a sterile catheter inserted into the bladder.

How do we collect urine from pediatric patients?

Using a pediatric urine collection bag.

How do we collect a suprapubic urine specimen?

By inserting a needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder.

What is the pH scale?

A scale that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

What numbers on the pH scale are acidic, neutral, and alkaline?

Acidic (

If urine is left standing, what happens to the pH levels?

The pH levels may increase, becoming more alkaline.

What is included in the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine?

Visual appearance, composition analysis, and microscopic evaluation for cells and crystals.

What is specific gravity?

A measure of the concentration of solutes in urine.

What are the analytes measured in a dipstick method?

Glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and blood.

What are the expected results on a dipstick for a healthy individual?

Negative for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, protein, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase; specific gravity within normal range.

What does nitrite measure?

The presence of certain bacteria in the urine.

What is the difference between nitrate and nitrite?

Nitrate is a precursor that bacteria convert to nitrite.

How do we use a refractometer?

To measure urine specific gravity by placing a drop of urine on the prism.

Can we use a urinometer to measure specific gravity?

Yes, but it involves a different method using a floating device.

What do you prepare the urine with to examine under the microscope?

Prepare a urine sediment by centrifuging and resuspending in a small volume of urine.

What are the confirmatory tests for glucose, ketones, bilirubin, and protein?

Tests such as the Clinitest for glucose and the sulfosalicylic acid test for protein.

What is the copper reduction test?

A test that detects reducing substances such as glucose in urine.

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

The nephron.

What organs are part of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What is urine made of?

Water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes, and various metabolites.

What is the abbreviation for routine urinalysis?

UA.

What is a spectrophotometer?

An instrument used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths.

What is reflectance photometry?

A method that measures light that is reflected off a sample.

Does semiautomated urinary dipstick use reflectance photometry?

Yes, it uses this technology to analyze color changes.

What does ISE stand for?

Ion Selective Electrode.

What is nephelometry used for?

To measure the concentration of particles in a solution by light scattering.

What does flow cytometry measure?

It analyzes the physical and chemical characteristics of particles in a fluid.

If a doctor ordered urinalysis and urine culture, which would be set up first?

The urine culture, to ensure it's incubated in a timely manner.

What type of container is used to collect CCMSU?

A sterile collection container.

What part of the day is urine most concentrated?

Morning.

What is OGGT test?

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; used to assess glucose metabolism.

What is the procedure for the OGGT test?

Administer glucose solution and measure blood glucose at intervals.

Do you provide urine at specific times during the OGGT procedure?

Yes, urine can be collected at specific intervals.

What is the lactose tolerance test for?

To diagnose lactose intolerance.

What is a 72-hour stool specimen?

A test collecting all stool for 72 hours to assess digestive function.

What are the three hormones produced by the urinary system?

Erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol.

What is the smell of ammonia in urine due to?

The breakdown of urea into ammonia.

What are other odours we can expect from urine?

Foul, sweet, or fruity odours may indicate various conditions.

If urine is very concentrated, what can we expect for specific gravity?

The specific gravity will be higher.

What is the range of specific gravity?

1.005 to 1.030.

What preservatives can be used for urine specimens?

Thymol, boric acid, or formaldehyde.