GEO - hazardous climate

Sunspot theory - solar variation

Sunspot theory - solar variation

↳Amount of radiation the sun produces varies over time

[more sunspots = hotter]

Volcanism

↳Large volcanic eruptions that eject huge amounts of ash and dust into the atmosphere

↳this can block out the sun rays - making the earth cooler

Collision theory

↳large Cosmic material (asteroids and comets) impact the Earths surface

↳they eject large volumes of dust into the atmosphere partially Blocking the sun's rays making the Earth cooler (Glacial periods)

Milankovitch cycles

↳A long change in the earth's orbit that causes natural climate change

What evidence do we have for climate change - (4)

Ice cores

Historic sources

Tree rings

Sea levels rising

Ice cores

↳A sample of ice, taken by drilling through a glacier or ice sheet.

↳They are used to detect changes in temperatures

Tree rings

↳Tree rings give us data on the climate and temperature for up to the last 10,000 years.

How does the Enhanced Greenhouse Gas effect work?

It is the impact on the climate from the additional heat given off due to the increased amounts of greenhouse gases that humans have released into the earth's atmosphere.

What conditions does a cyclone need to form? (4)

↳They form between 5 and 30 degrees south or north of the equator.

↳They form over warm water 26.5c

↳They form in either the summer or the autumn

↳They need a low pressure to form

↳They do NOT form over the equator because there is not a sufficient spin from the earths location.

What are the 3 P’s

Planning

Prediction

Protection

How can we plan for a cyclone

↳Training emergency services how to react to a storm can reduce the number of deaths.

↳Planning evacuation routes can allow people to get away from the storm quicker.

How can we predict a cyclone

↳Scientists use satellites, radar and aircraft to monitor storms and computers to predict where they will hit, giving people time to evacuate.

How can we be protected from cyclones

↳Buildings can be made to withstand tropical storms. They can be put on stilts to lift them out of floodwater or be built with reinforced materials to prevent wind damage. Levees and seawalls can be built to prevent flooding.

Details of Nargis

↳On the 27th of April a tropical depression formed that started to move northwest on it the 28th of April it was upgraded to a cyclone between the 28th and second of May it reached your category 4 hurricane - 2008!

What made Nargis worse?

↳Warm upper ocean Waters in the Bay of Bengal6

3 effects of Nargis

↳Storm Surge results in 10,000 deaths

↳There was ten million dollars worth of damage

↳It was estimated that 2.5 million people were made homeless

What factors effected response (Nargis) (3)

↳Initial release efforts was slow due to political reasons - Burma declined international aid

↳The government didn't provide appropriate warnings

↳The Burmese army set up a checkpoint to arrest aid workers and aid was confiscated

Details of katrina

↳It happened from aug 23rd to aug 30th 2005

↳The response was very slow - many people were left vulnerable - rape - crime

Katrina effects - (3)

↳7 million gallons of oil were spilled to the sea there are fears that this could ruin the local ecosystem and destroy the fishing industry

↳ the total damage bill came to 300 billion US dollars

↳ many people were told to move out of the city however many of the poorest people remained in the city and became trapped

Katrina response - (3)

↳ relief workers there were more than 131,000 present

↳ 50 billion US dollars in aid was given by the government

↳ there was much criticism of the authorities for their handling of the disaster although many people were evacuated it was a slow process and the poorest were left vulnerable