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primary roles of nurses
caregiver
communicator
teacher/educator
counselor'
leader
researcher
advocate
collaborator
Healthy people main goal
health promotion
healthy people 2030 (5 goals)
Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all.
Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all.
Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages.
Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all.
Florence Nightingale 19 century
founder of modern nursing
documented her practices and progress of her patients which was a relatively new practice at the time
nursing as art and science
differentiated nursing from medicine
nursing education
Recognizing that nutrition is important to health
Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
nursing researcher and author
what war propelled the profession of nursing to a great degree
WWII
Clara Barton
established Red Cross 1882,
volunteer to treat/ feed soldiers in Civil War
Ernestine Wiedenbach
Nursing as an art; nursing is providing nurturing care to patients.
Virginia Henderson
“Virginia lends a hand to help”
The patient is a person who requires help to reach independence.
Ida Jean Orlando
The nurse reacts to the patient’s verbal and nonverbal expression of needs both to understand the meaning of the distress and to know what is needed to alleviate it.
Jean Watson (1979)
P P/R, C
Nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick.
Dorothea Orem 1971
S/C
Self-care is a human need; self-care deficits require nursing actions.
Erikson’s psychosocial development
people develop throughout their whole lifespan
8 distinct stages
include cultural and social influences in addition to biological processes.
based on some of Freud’s research
Maslow Hierarchy of needs
pyramid depiction
physiological needs (air, water, food) at base must be satisfied 1st before other needs are met
Maslow hierarchy needs list
order of importance
1.base of pyramid: physiological
safety and security
love and belonging
self esteem
self actualization: achieving full potential, creative outlets
Types of knowledge: traditional
passed down from generation to generation
“we’ve always done it this way”
bed clothes changes everyday even though there is no medical evidence to support the reasoning for this
Types of knowledge: authoritative
an established RN showing a new RN how to do a procedure
Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person’s perceived expertise
The senior nurse has gained knowledge through experience, and the new graduate nurse accepts it as truth based on the perceived authority of the experienced nurse.
scientific knowledge
obtained through the scientific method
According to Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2021),
P P O
P
F
A
“Nursing incorporates the art and science of caring
and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities
prevention of illness and injury;
facilitation of healing;
alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence.
health promotion : primary
PREVENTION
lifestyle that promote prevention: exercise, smoking cessation, healthy diet, safe sex, good sleep, wearing seatbelts, healthy sleep…..
Health promotion : secondary
EARLY DETECTION
this stage you would get a screening: BP, Mammogram, skin cancer
Health promotion: tertiary
begins AFTER an illness is diagnosed and treated,
with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning.
Four blended competencies of nursing
C T I E/L
cognitive
technical
interpersonal
ethical/legal
MS Nursing Competency
circle diagram from notes
what Holmes models of nursing is based on
patient centered care
quality improvement
EBP
systems based practice
professionalism
leadership
information and technology
communication
teamwork and collaboration
safety
Nursing research (PICO)
P: patient/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcome
health
it is an active process in which a person moves toward their maximum potential.
state of physical , emotional, spiritual well being
not just absence of disease
wellness
a term often used interchangeably with health—is an active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health.
Agent Host Environment Model
agent (disease)
Host (person)
Environment
looks at the relationship between these three and how the host is at risk of being sick
dimension health model
mental
emotional
physical
sociocultural
spiritual
environmental
intellectual
HMO
A type of health insurance plan that usually limits coverage to care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO
subscribers have to choose from a list of covered providers
PPO
A type of health plan that contracts with medical providers, such as hospitals and doctors,