Ap Psych Important People

Tolman

Cognition:

studied rats and discovered the “cognitive map” in rats and humans

Raymond Cattell

intelligence:

fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

Kurt Lewin

social psychologist:

was a German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the Democratic style of leadership is most productive; studied effects of 3 leadership style on children completing activities

Hans Eysenck

personality theorist:

asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

developmental psychology:

wrote “On Death and Dying”: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death

• (1. denial, 2. anger, 3. bargaining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)

David Rosenhan

did a study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnosed with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label is hard to overcome in a mental health setting, even when behavior indicates otherwise

Stanley Schacter

emotion:

stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before experiencing it

Phineas Gage

Was a railroad worker who was impaled through the eye by a stake, survived, but brain damage completely changed his behavior and personality. The study of his case played a role in developing key ideas about the localization of function in the brain.

Aaron Beck

was a pioneer in cognitive therapy. He suggested that negative internal beliefs were a cause for depression.

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology:

hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, transcendence

Albert Bandura

was a pioneer in observational learning (social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of other people

Studies:

Bobo dolls, kids behavior influenced by parents actions

Albert Ellis

pioneer in rational-emotive therapy (RET), focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Alfred Adler

neo-Freudian, Psychodynamic:

Contributions:

inferiority complex, organ inferiority

Studies:

birth order influences personality

Alfred Binet

pioneer in (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help

Anna Freud

child psychoanalysis:

emphasized the importance of the ego and its constant struggle

Anna O.

diagnosed with hysteria, treated by Josef Breuer for severe cough, paralysis of the extremities on the right side of her body, and disturbances of vision, hearing, and speech, as well as hallucinations and loss of consciousness. Her treatment is seen as the beginning of psychoanalysis

Benjamin Wharf

language:

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist:

pioneer in operant conditioning, idea that behavior is based on an organism’s reinforcement history, Skinner Box

Carl Jung

neo-freudian, analytical psychology:

developed the idea of archetypes, a collective unconscious, dream studies/interpretation

Carl Rogers

humanist:

Contributions:

founded client-centered therapy, human potential for positive growth, unconditional positive regard

Carol Gilligan

Ran moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and concluded that they placed lower on his 6 stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.

Charles Darwin

biologist:

he developed theory of evolution, transmutation of species, natural selection, and evolution by common descent

Charles Spearman

intelligence:

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Clark Hull

motivation theory:

drive reduction; maintained that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, this is the mechanism through which reinforcement operates

Daniel Goleman

emotional intelligence

Darley & Latane

social psychology:

bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility

David McClelland

achievement motivation:

developed a scoring system for the TAT to use to assess achievement

David Weschler

intelligence testing:

created the WAIS, WISC, WPPSI, intelligence tests for adults

Herman Ebbinghaus

Memory:

discovery of the learning curve, forgetting curve, and the spacing effect, tried to memorize nonsense syllables

Edward Thorndike

behaviorist:

developed the Law of Effect; when a behavior receives a positive response it is more likely to be repeated, and when a behavior receives a negative response, it is more likely to not be repeated

Ekman & Fresen

facial emotion is the same across cultures and societies of the world

Elizabeth Loftus

cognition and memory:

showed how easily memories could be influenced by techniques like leading questions and illustrated the potential for inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanist:

8 stages of psychosocial development:

1.) Hope - trust vs. mistrust (0-1)

2.) Will - autonomy vs. shame/doubt (2-3)

4.) Purpose - initiative vs. guilt (4-6)

5.) Competence - industry vs. inferiority (7-12)

6.) Fidelity - identity v role confusion (13-19)

7.) Love - intimacy vs. isolation (20-30s)

8.) Care - generativity vs. stagnation (40s-50s)

9.) Wisdom - ego integrity vs. despair (60s-70s)

Ernst Weber

perception:

identified the just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law

Francis Galton

Contributions:

behavioral genetics; maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance, compared identical & fraternal twins, discovered hereditary differences in intellectual ability

Gazzaniga & Sperry

neuroscience, biopsychology:

studied split-brain patients

Gibson & Walk

developmental psychology:

“visual cliff” experiment with infants

Gordon Allport

trait theory of personality, 3 levels of traits:

cardinal, central, secondary

Harry Harlow

development:

contact comfort/attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Harry Stack Sullivan

interpersonal psychoanalysis:

7 stage interpersonal theory; infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood

Henry Murray

created the TAT, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances

Hermann Rorschach

created the inkblot tests

Hans Eysenck

personality theorist:

asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

Howard Gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences:

logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Jean Piaget

cognitive psychologist:

created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development;

sensorimotor intelligence, preoperational thinking, concrete operational thinking, and formal operational thinking

John B Watson

behaviorism:

emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation, was famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic:

criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

Karl Wernicke

"Wernicke's area":

discovered area of left temporal lobe that involved language comprehension

Kenneth Clark

social psychology:

research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; doll experiments where black children chose white dolls

Langer & Rodin

Social Psychologists:

Helping behavior, personal responsibility; studied the effects of enhanced personal responsibility and helping behavior

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development/cognitive psychologist:

3 levels of moral development:

pre-conventional (0-7), conventional (7-12), post-conventional (12→)

presented boy’s moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Leon Festinger

social cognition, cognitive dissonance:

studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance

Lev Vygotsky

child development:

investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development, play research

Lewis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children

Martin Seligman

learning:

positive psychology, learned helplessness theory of depression

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology:

compared effects of maternal separation, "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

Mary Cover-Jones

behaviorism/learning:

pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Noam Chomsky

language development:

disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

Phillip Zimbardo

social psychology:

Stanford Prison Experiment: showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play

Robert Sternberg

intelligence:

devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

Robert Yerkes

intelligence:

Yerkes-Dodson law, level of arousal is related to performance

Robert Zajonc

motivation:

believes that we invent explanations to label feelings

Rosenthal & Jacobson

Intelligence and learning, self-fulfilling prophecy:

researchers misled teachers into believing that certain students had higher IQs. Teachers changed own behaviors and effectively raised the IQ of the randomly chosen students

Solomon Asch

conformity:

showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority:

had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants, wanted to see if Nazis were an abnormality or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

Walter B. Cannon

motivation:

believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; did research that inserted balloons in stomachs

William James

Father of American Psychology:

functionalism, tried to find causal relationships between internal states and external behaviors

Wilhelm Wundt

structuralism:

Founded first psychology laboratory in 1879 at University of Leipzig, studied reaction times

Wolpe

learning:

systematic desensitization

John Locke

17th century English philosopher. Created the idea of “tabula rasa”. Believed that we are completely shaped by our environment.

René Descartes

17t century French philosopher. Famously known for writing "I think, therefore I am". Wrote about concept of dualism.

Socrates

Ancient Greek philosopher. Promoted introspection by saying “know thyself."

Aristotle

Ancient Greek philosopher. Wrote "Peri Psyches" ("About the Mind").

William Dement

Sleep researcher who discovered and coined the phrase "rapid eye movement" (REM) sleep.

John Garcia

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

Edward Bradford Titchener

student of Wilhelm Wundt, founder of Structuralist school of psychology,

Herman von Helmholtz

Theorist who both aided in the development of the trichromatic theory of color perception and the place theory of pitch perception.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalytic theory:

5 stages of psychosexual development:

1.) Oral (0-1)

2.) Anal (2-3)

3.) Phallic (4-6)

4.) Latency (7-12)

5.) Genital (12→)

Our actions are not governed by our conscious thoughts but are often driven by unconscious desires and experiences

G Stanley Hall

founded the American Psychological Association, founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.