Geo final test - grd 9

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What are the four hemispheres?

Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western hemispheres

What are the seven continents

North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica

what continent is Canada in?

North America

What are the capital cities of the 10 provinces and 3 territories?

Victoria, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Toronto, Quebec City, yellow knife, white horse, Iqaluit, Fredericton, Halifax, charlotte town, St. Johns

What is the capital of Canada and which province is it located?

The capital of Canada is Ottawa which is located in Ontario

What are the five Great Lakes?

(HOMES) Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior

Name the 3 oceans that surround Canada (to the west, north and east)

West: Pacific , North: Arctic , East: Atlantic

What are the three types of maps?

General Purpose , topographic , thematic

What is the difference between small-scale and large-scale maps?

-small-scale map: shows a big area with little detail.

-large-scale map: shows a small area with lots of detail.

What are the 6 features of maps?

Border, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale, Source (BOLTSS)

What are the 4 Cardinal Points of a compass?

North, South East, West

What are the 4 Ordinal Points of a compass?

North West, North East, South West, South East

How much does a compass go up by each point?

22.5

What way are you driving if you are going from Toronto to Vancouver?

West

Who created time zones? Why?

Sir Sandford Fleming created time zones because, as trains became more popular, people needed a standard time in each area to know when trains would arrive and leave.

How many time zones are there in Canada?

There are 5.5/6. Pacific, Mountain, Central , eastern, Atlantic, and Newfoundland time zone.

If it is 8:00 pm in Toronto, in Vancouver it is

5:00 pm

If it is 3:00 pm in Edmonton in Winnipeg it is

4:00 pm

If it is 6:00 pm in Ottawa, in St. John's it is

7:30 pm

What are the important lines of latitude and their degrees?

Equator – 0°

Tropic of Cancer – 23.5° North

Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5° South

Arctic Circle – 66.5° North

Antarctic Circle – 66.5° South

North Pole – 90° North

South Pole – 90° South

What are the important lines of longitude and their degrees?

Prime Meridian 0 and International date line 180

Which city is the prime meridian located?

Greenwich, London

What are the four spheres?

Biosphere, Hydrosphere. atmosphere, lithosphere

What are the 4 Geologic Time Eras?

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Precambrian

-Era of the first single cell organism.

-The Precambrian Shield (Canadian Shield) was formed

Paleozoic

-Appalachian Mountains were formed

-It was the age of amphibians and fish

-The first insects and land plants appeared

- Coal was formed from dead plants

Mesozoic

-Rocky Mountains were formed

-Age of reptiles like dinosaurs

-First flowering plants, birds, and mammals appeared

-Pangaea was formed and started breaking apart

Cenozoic

-Ice sheets covered North America

-Continents moved into their present shapes

-Humans and mammals developed

Which era are we in now?

Cenozoic Era

What are the layers of the earth?

Crust, Mantle, Core

What is Pangea?

a supercontinent that included almost all the land on Earth.

What are tectonic plates?

tectonic plates are like puzzle pieces of earth's crust that shift and causes earth's movement.

How do tectonic plates move?

They diverge converge and transform

Folding

A fold is more likely to happen with flexible materials. Creates mountains

Faulting

A fault will happen with more brittle material. Causes earthquakes

weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface

erosion

when rain, wind, water, or ice slowly wear away the land.

deposition

the laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice.

glaciation

when the Earth was much colder and thick ice covered large parts of the land.

sediment

small pieces of rock

compaction

layers of rock squeezed together

cementation

glues sediment together

What are the 3 types of landforms?

Shield, Highland, Lowland

What are the 7 Landform Regions of Canada?

Western Cordillera, Interior plains, Canadian Shield, St Lawrence Lowlands, Appalachian mountains, Canadian Artic, Hudson Bay Lowlands

Western Cordillera

has high mountains, plateaus, and valleys. It looks rugged because it's still young. Folding and faulting formed it. limited transportation It has glaciers and a big forest industry.

interior plains

covered by shallow seas. Erosion shaped the land. It has oil and minerals underground. It’s called Canada’s breadbasket because it grows a lot of wheat and crops.

Canadian shield

The Canadian Shield covers more than half of Canada. It’s the biggest landform and has the oldest rocks in the world. It has lots of valuable minerals, and Sudbury has a lot of nickel.

St Lawrence lowlands

Glaciers made the Great Lakes and the Niagara Escarpment. The land was formed by tectonic plates. The soil and weather are good for farming. Lots of people live here because it’s easy to get around. Toronto is in this area.

Appalachian Mountains

oldest highland region, the mountains no longer have aged peaks and are smaller because of erosion, has good soil, good for fishing

Canadian artic

icy and far north. They have many minerals in the rocks. Trees can’t grow there because it’s too cold.

Hudson Bay lowlands

very flat, low area covered by swampy swampy Forests, natural gas deposits

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Weather is what it’s like right now outside. (short term)
Climate is how the weather usually is over a long time. (long term)

temperature

the measure of hot and cold

humidity

how much moisture is present in the atmosphere

precipitation

any form of water falling from the sky

What are the factors that affect Climate

LOWERN L- latitude O- Ocean currents W- winds and air masses E- elevation R- relief N- near water

How does Latitude affect the climate

The closer you are to the equator, the hotter the climate

How does Ocean currents affect the climate

Warm ocean currents make places near the coast warmer.

How does winds and airmasses affect the climate

Wind carries heat and moisture to new areas

How does elevation affect the climate

The higher up you are the colder it is

How does relief affect the climate

mountains can block wind. One side gets green and wet and the other side is hot and dry

How does near water affect the climate

Water heats and cools more slowly than land. So, places near water are cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

What factors affect the climate of Toronto?

Toronto is in the Northern Hemisphere and close to Lake Ontario, which changes the temperature.

What do the bars represent on a climate graph?

precipitation

What do the lines represent on a climate graph?

temperature

maritime climate

is near water. It has a small temperature range (under 25°C) and lots of precipitation (over 1000 mm).

Continental climate

far from water. It has a big temperature range (over 25°C) and less precipitation (under 1000 mm).

climate change

long-term changes in the Earth’s usual weather patterns.

Natural climate change

Earth’s climate changing over time because of natural causes

Human climate change

change in climate due to overfishing, mining, pollution

Hurricanes

large rotating storm with high wind speeds.

Earthquakes

when the surface of the earth shakes

forest fires

uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly

floods

when water overflows into land

landslides

landslides are caused by gravity moving loose material from one place to another

tsunamis

a massive ocean wave which is very powerful

tornadoes

Tornadoes are violent rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground.

What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?

its where 80% of the worlds earthquakes occur

Inuit

People who live above the Arctic circle

Metis

The descendants of indigenous women and European men

first nations

People who live south of the Arctic circle

Colonization

The control of one society by another to benefit the colonizer

What are some positives of European contact

People to trade with, introduced to new tools

What are some negatives of European contact

forced to learn english or french, forced to be christian, forced to live on reserves

Royal proclamation

It says all land belongs to Indigenous people. Settlers can’t take land without buying it from the Crown first, to protect First Nations from unfair land loss

Treaties

agreements between First Nations and settlers.

Land claims

the demands by indigenous people to get ownership of land (like Nunavut)

Indian act

Attempted to assimilate first nations. They sold treaty land to settlers and made reserves smaller.

What 3 events contributed to the cultural genocide of Indigenous Peoples?

Residential schools, 1960s scoop, Justice for missing indigenous women

Which territory was created on April 1, 1999 for the Inuit People of Canada?

Nunavut

What is demography

The study of human populations and why they change over time

How does the population grow

Birth, immigration

How does the population shrink

Death, Emigration

What is the Lazy J-Curve

graph that shows babies have a high chance of dying, young adults have a low chance, and older people have a higher chance again.

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?

I: High stationary stage II: Early expanding stage III: Late expanding stage IV: low stationary stage V: emerging stage

Which countries are in each stage?

I: None II: Chad III: India, Mexico IV: Canada, US, V: Germany, Japan,

What is the Chinese Head Tax?

The head tax was meant to restrict immigration after chinese labour was no longer needed.

What is the Komagata Maru?

The Komagata Maru was a ship carrying Indian immigrants to Canada. Canada didn’t let them come in and sent the ship back.

What is the MS St. Louis?

The St. Louis was a ship with Jewish people escaping the Nazis. Most countries, including Canada, did not let them in. They had to return to Europe, and many were killed in the Holocaust.

What are the barriers to immigration?

Physical barriers, Economic barriers, political barriers, Quotas as barriers, Procedural barriers