General Chemistry 004 Summer 2025 Lecture Notes

Flashcards generated from General Chemistry 004 Summer 2025 lecture notes.

Who is the instructor for the General Chemistry 004 course?

Professor Cummings, Assistant Professor of Chemistry

Where is the instructor's office located?

Chemistry 103

What is the instructor's email address?

[e-mail]

What textbook(s) are required for the course?

Achieve online Textbook, Introductory Chemistry – Open Courseware

What online homework system is being used?

Achieve

What should students in need of accommodations due to a disability do?

To contact the Office of the Dean for Special Student Services for verification and determination of reasonable accommodations.

What is the phone number for the Office of Special Student Services?

[phone]

What should a student do if they need assistance with sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence, stalking, or sexual harassment?

Report it to the University Title IX Office or other confidential services.

What type of course is this?

Synchronous

What is the recommendation for using the textbook?

Read before lecture and review after lecture.

Where can I find lecture notes and ask questions?

PDFs will be posted on Canvas, an individual forum setup for general course questions, and one for each chapter.

What is the class code for the Achieve online homework system?

rga7m9

What percentage of the final grade are quizzes worth?

13.4%

What percentage of the final grade are exams worth?

42.0%

What percentage of the final grade is the final exam worth?

22.3%

What percentage of the final grade are pre-quizzes worth?

10.2%

What are some tips for succeeding in this course?

Write out your work, watch your units, don't memorize, and seek help when needed.

What are some of the learning outcomes for Chapter 12?

Understand intermolecular attractive interactions, compare strengths, understand polarizability, viscosity, and surface tension.

What are the states of matter?

Gases, Liquids, Solids, Plasma

What are the properties of Gases?

Compressible fluids, flow readily, and shows high diffusion.

What are the properties of Liquids?

Nearly incompressible, flows rapidly, diffuses slowly, and assumes shape but not volume of its container.

What are the properties of Solids?

Virtually incompressible, doesn't flow, nearly no diffusion and does not assume shape or volume of container.

What is Plasma?

Highly charged gases with extremely high kinetic energy.

What is the fundamental difference between states of matter?

The distance between atoms or particles.

Under what conditions to real gases not behave like ideal gases?

High pressure or low temperature

What are the types of intramolecular bonding?

Electrostatic interactions, including attractive and repulsive forces.

What are covalent bonds?

When atoms share a pair of electrons.

Are ionic Bonds attractive, repulsive or neutral?

Attraction

When two atoms share electrons unequally, what type of bond is formed?

A polar covalent bond

What is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself?

Electronegativity

Physical properties dictated by intermolecular forces include:

Boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, viscosity

Intermolecular forces act where?

Between two molecules

What is the basis of attraction for intramolecular ionic bonding?

Cation-anion

What is the basis of attraction for intramolecular covalent bonding?

Nuclei-shared e-pair

What makes Ion-Dipole attraction work?

Full charge of ions attracted to opposite partial charge of solvent

Describe generally what Solvation is:

Polar liquids dissolve salts

How do dipole-dipole forces work?

Molecules with permanent dipoles are attracted to each other and need to be close.

How do London Dispersion Forces work?

All substances display dispersion forces

What is tendency of an electron cloud to distort called?

Polarizability

What influences London Dispersion Forces?

Shape of a molecule, Size of the electron cloud

How does Hydrogen Bonding work?

High electronegativity of N, O, F exposes the nucleus of bound hydrogen

What is Surface Tension?

Inner force experienced by molecules on the surface

What is Capillary Action?

Intermolecular forces between a substance and surface

What are the phases of matter?

Gas, Liquid, Solid

What is the Heat of Fusion?

Energy required to change a solid to a liquid.

What is the Heat of Vaporization?

Energy required to change a liquid to a gas.

When does a liquid Boil?

Boiling point of a liquid occurs when the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure

What influences a Substances phase?

External temperature and pressure, lines of equilibrium, critical point, triple point

What are Crystalline solids?

Solids with a regular repeating pattern

What are Amorphous solids?

Solids with a distinct lack of order

What are liquid Crystals?

Intermediate waxy phase between solid and liquid, alkyl chain, polar group, aromatic group

What are the types of bonding in solids?

Metallic, Ionic, Covalent-network, Molecular, Nanomaterials

How does Metallic bonding work?

Sea of electrons

How does Ionic bonding work?

Electrostatic interactions (Coulombic forces)

How does Covalent bonding work?

Vast and continuous bonding of atoms

How does Molecular bonding work?

Intramolecular forces holding atoms or neutral molecules together

What dictates lattice energy?

Charge and size

What is the difference between Metallic and Covalent bonding?

Metallic bonding has 12 nearest neighbours compared to covalent bonding configurations

What are Superconductors?

A substance that has no resistance to the flow of electricity and creates its own magnetic field.

How do Intermetallic compounds work?

discrete compounds through bonding

What is a Thermoplastic?

Can be remolded with heat

What is Thermosetting

Cannot be reshaped

How does Condensation work in Polymers?

Reaction of two subunits (co-polymers) to a polymer with a byproduct

How does Crosslinking Polymers work?

Chemical bonding of polymeric chains stiffen and strengthen the overall polymer

Who discovered Vulcanization?

Charles Goodyear

What do Nanomaterials do?

Display unique quantum or physical properties not observed in bulk

What size are Nanoparticles?

Particles between 1 and 1000 nm

Who discovered buckminsterfullerene?

Richard Smalley

What two elements are liquid at room temperature (25 ˚C)?

Bromine and mercury

Name five non-noble element gases at room temperature?

Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine

Which combination of kinetic energy (KE) and intermolecular forces (IF) results in the formation of a solid?

KE much less than IF