Health Education (Prelims)

Principle

a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning

Theory

a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.

Teaching

can be defined as engagement with learners to enable their understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes.

Learning

is the process by which an individual gains new knowledge or skills and changes their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and actions. 

Learning

a permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of experience.

Learning

lifelong, dynamic process by which individuals acquire new knowledge or skills and alter their thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and actions

Nurses can apply learning theories in the following category..

Individual, Group, Community Level

Emotional Reactions

are often learned as a result of experience and they play a significant role in the learning process

There is an argument that emotions and feelings also need explicit focus in relation to learning in general (Goleman, 1995) and to health care in particular (Halpern, 2001). 

Goleman & Halpern

Emotional Reactions are vital in…

Health, Disease, Prevention, Wellness, Medical Treatment Recovery, Healing, Relapse Prevention

3 Learning Theories

Behaviorist, Cognitive, Social Learning

Behaviorist Learning Theory

This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.

Behaviorism

Response or reaction to stimuli

Conditioing

Behaviorism is an idea that behavior is acquired through _____

Negative or Positive Feedback

A learner’s response to stimuli can be reinforced using _____?

John B. Watson

Proponent of Behaviorist Theory

John B. Watson

He defined behavior as muscle movement

Stimulus-Response psychology

Watson defined behavior as muscle movement and it came associated with the _________?

Association or Stimulus-Response Theory

What theory is otherwise known as cause and effect, can be regarded as the foundation of behaviour.

stimulus

defined as the influence which brings about or evokes an identifiable response.

response

human behaviour which is caused or evoked by an identifiable stimulus.

Motivation

explained as the desire to reduce some drive, such as the desire for food, security, recognition, or money.

1. Behaviorist principles of Respondent

2. Operant Conditioning

2 Ways to Change Behavior and Encourage Learning

altering conditions in the environment and reinforcing positive behaviors after they occur

What does behaviorist recommend to change the attitude and responses of a person?

Ivan Pavlov

Identified and proponent of Respondent conditioning

Classical or Pavlovian conditioning

Respondent conditioning is also termed as _____

Classical Conditioning

a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, eventually causing the neutral stimulus to elicit that same response on its own

Before, During, and After Conditioning

Stages of Respondent Conditioning

Before Conditioning

In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism.

Neutral stimulus

stimulus which has no effect on a person

Unconditioned Stimulus

The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

During Conditioning

During this stage, the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus which produces a conditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

A stimulus produced when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

After Conditioning

Stage where the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR).

Wolpe

“Old responses or habits can be weakened if the presentation of the conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus overtime”—A technique based on respondent conditioning which is widely used in psychology and even in medicine to reduce fear and anxiety in the patient (Wolpe, 1982).

Relaxation

The assumption is that fear of a certain stimulus or situation is learned, therefore, it also can be unlearned or extinguished. Because a person cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time, fearful individuals are first taught relaxation techniques.

Stimulus Generalization

a learning process where a response originally conditioned to one specific stimulus is also triggered by similar, but not identical, stimuli, allowing for efficient adaptation to new situations

Discrimination Learning

the psychological process where an individual learns to respond differently to distinct stimuli

Relapse Prevention Programs

Discrimination Learning is usually applied in relapse prevention programs (RRP) and may explain why it is quite difficult to completely eliminate "unhealthy habits

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Developed Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response

Operant Conditioning

A method that occurs using negative and positive reinforcement.

Instrumental Conditioining

Operant Conditionining is also known as ________

Operant Conditioining

What conditioining states that the consequences of a response determine the possibility of it being repeated?

Operant Conditioining

Believed behavior is sustained only by reinforcement or punishment, not free will

Reinforcer

A reinforcer is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again. When specific response are reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or decreased

Positive Reinforcement

You behave in a way that results in a reward, so you are more likely to repeat that behavior. Praise, hugs, money and prizes are examples of positive reinforcers.

Negative Reinforcement

You behave in a way that results in the removal of something unpleasant - so you are more likely to repeat that behavior

Punishment

A consequence happens that you don't like and you are less likely to do it again. The punishment can add something or take something away. You see this as "bad"

Positive reinforcement

application of a pleasant stimulus called “reward”

Reward conditioning

a pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism's response in positive reinforcement

Classical Conditioining

Conditioing where response is involuntary

Classical Conditioning

two stimuli are paired (one that already elicits response, the other begins to elicit same response)

Operant Conditioining

the response is voluntary and stimulus comes after the response

Classical Conditioining

Reponse comes during conditioining

Negative Reinforcement

removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus

Escape conditioning

as an aversive stimulus is applied, the organism makes a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease.

Avoidance conditioning

an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event.

Nonreinforcement

an organism's conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement

Punishment

following a response, an aversive stimulus is applied that the organism cannot escape or avoid.

Operant

Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences"

Cognition

is defined as 'the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

Cognition

a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. Some of the many different cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving

Cognitive Learning Theory

Explains why the brain is the most incredible network of information processing and interpretation in the body as we learn things

Ormrod

Cognitive learning theories are based on how people think (Ormrod, 2008).

goals, expectations

Unlike behaviorists, cognitive theorists maintain that reward is not necessary for learning to take place. More important are learner's goals and expectations, which create disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension that motivate learners to act.

Metacognition

is "cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", "knowing about knowing", becoming "aware of one's awareness" and higher- order thinking skills.

Beyond or on top of

The term “Metacognition” comes from the root word meta, meaning "beyond", or "on top of"

Cognitive learning

is a style of learning that encourages students to use their brains more effectively. This way of learning encourages students to fully engage in the learning process so learning, thinking, and remembering get easier and easier.

Wolfgang Köhler

distinguished psychologist and cofounder of Gestalt psychology, made many important contributions to science and showed that all learning can't be explained by conditioning

Gestalt Perspective

refers to the configuration or patterned organization of cognitive elements reflecting the maxim that the "whole is greater than the sum of its parts".

Gestalt perspective

A principal assumption is that each person perceives, interprets, and responds to any situation in his or her own way

Gestalt

Gestalt is a German word that means "shape", "form", "essence", or "whole".

Unified Whole

Gestalt is German psychology term which means "unified whole"

Wolfgang Kohler

conducted experiments in which insight learning was observed in animal behavior.

Simplicity, Equilibrium, Regularity

Psychological organization is directed toward simplicity, equilibrium and regularity.

Perception is selective

Perception is selective which means that no one can attend or pay attention to all the surrounding stimuli at the same time, individuals attend to certain features of an experience while screening out or ignoring other features.

influenced by a host of factors

 What individuals pay attention to and what they ignore are influenced by a host of factors: past experiences, needs, personal motives and attitudes, reference groups and the actual structure of the stimulus or situation.

1. Gestalt Perspective

2. Information Processing

3. Cognitive Development

3 perspectives of Cognitive Learning Theory

Information processing

a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes like thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning.

Information processing

This perspective is particularly useful for assessing problems in acquiring, remembering and recalling information

1st Stage

What stage in the memory process is: involves paying attention to the environment stimuli; Attention is the key to learning

2nd Stage

What stage of memory process is when the information is processed by the senses

3rd Stage

the information is transformed and incorporated or encoded briefly into short-term memory

Imagery, association, rehearsal, chunking

In third stage of memory processing, the information is disregarded and forgotten or it is stored in long-term memory by using strategies for storage like imagery, association, rehearsal, chunking (breaking the information into smaller units or chunks).

4th Stage

What stage of memory process involves the action or response that the individual undertakes based on how information was processed and stored.

Gagne, Briggs, Wagner

Who founded the model for effective learning in 1992? (___,____,___)

Reception

1. – Gain attention

Expectancy

2. – Inform learner of the objectives

Retrieval

3. – Stimulate recall of prior learning

Selective Perception

4. – Present the stimulus

Semantic Encoding

5. – Provide learning guidance

Responding

6. – Elicit performance

Reinforcement

7. – provide feedback

Retrieval

8. – Assess performance

Generalization

9. – Enhance retention and transfer

9 Events of Instruction

These events should satisfy or provide the necessary conditions for learning and serve as the basis for designing instruction and selecting appropriate media

Robert Gagne

Developed 9 events and their corresponding cognitive processes

Cognitive Development

A perspective of Cognitive learning theory that focuses on qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking and reasoning as individuals grow and mature.

Jian Piaget

a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development is the best known cognitive developmental theorist.