Social psychology

Ambady & Rosenthal (1993)

Studied accuracy in forming impressions based on nonverbal behavior.

Bond & DePaulo (2006)

Conducted meta-analysis to assess people’s ability to detect lies, finding average accuracy of 54%.

Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon where increased exposure to a neutral stimulus increases liking for it.

Moreland & Beach (1992)

Tested mere exposure effect, showing that more frequent presence leads to higher attractiveness ratings.

Implicit Personality Theories

The assumption that certain traits go together (e.g., warm = generous) when forming impressions.

Trait Clustering

The process of grouping trait-related behaviors into clusters for impression formation.

Neuberg & Fiske (1987)

Examined motivation for accurate impressions in social interactions.

Primacy Effect

The phenomenon where early traits shape the interpretation of later traits in impression formation.

Heider (1958)

Defined causal attribution as the process of explaining behavior through internal or external attributions.

Covariation Model

Proposed by Kelley, it outlines how people use consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information for attributions.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to underestimate situational factors when attributing behavior to personal traits.

Salience in Attribution

Examines how visual focus affects the perception of influence in social situations.

Primed Accessibility in Attribution

How priming with trait-related concepts influences attribution decisions.

Correspondent Inference Theory

Explains when people make trait inferences based on the perceived intent and context of behavior.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed; leads to adaptive attributions and increased motivation.

Cultural Differences in Attribution

Research showing individualists favor internal attributions while collectivists emphasize situational factors.