History Midterm (copy)

Native American Language Families

50 language families; 300-5000 different languages across America

Native Americans tradition

Native Americans kept records through oral history or writing history (oral history is more common)

Matriarchy vs. Patriarchy

Matriarchy is where the mother is the head of the house but patriarchy is where the father is the head of the house; most families were matriarchy

Assimilation 

a series of efforts by the United States to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream Europe

Crispus Attucks

African and Native American sailor who was the first American killed in the Boston Massacre 

Semi-Sedentary lifestyles

practice agriculture, but the less fertile land they inhibited required that they move periodically to a fresh site within their boundaries, where they would clear and burn the underbrush

Separation of Power:

the United States federal government is made up of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Republicanism

a theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens for the common good of the community; the people elect representatives to represent them

Federalism

 a combined system of government with regional governments in a single political system dividing the powers between them (state vs. federal)

Checks & Balances

counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups 

Presidential power to make treaties and carry out laws:

The United States Constitution provides that the president "shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur" (Article II, section 2). Treaties are binding agreements between nations and become part of international law.

Executive Branch

* elected every 4 years; can only run for 2 terms (8 years total)

Legislative Branch

* Senate: elected every 6 years
* House of Representatives: elected every 2 years

Judicial Branch: appointed by the president

can serve for as long as they want

Amendment/Bill of Rights

10 amendments in the Bill of Rights; in order to alter and change the Constitution, an amendment must be passed

Judiciary Act of 1789

creating a judicial structure that has remained essentially intact; provided the Supreme court a chief justice and five associate justices; 3 federal circuit courts + 13 federal district courts; state courts could appeal to supreme court

George Washington

First president of the United States. First reluctant to be president, but still decided to put forth his best efforts as president. Unanimously voted.

John Adams

First vice president of the United States

Alexander Hamilton

head of the Department of Treasury; handled foreign affairs of the United States; Federalist

Thomas Jefferson

head of the Department of State & handled foreign affairs; very opposed to Hamilton’s beliefs; Democratic-Republican

Washington’s Cabinet

consisted of Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury), Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Henry Knox (Secretary of War), and Henry Randoplh (Attorney General)

Bank of the United States

Hamilton’s idea to help eliminate the massive debt in America following the American Revolution. Handles government tax receipts, and issues paper money. Funded by the federal government and wealthy investors. Very controversial, and sparked many arguments between Hamilton and Jefferson. “Loose interpretation vs. strict interpretation”

Federalists

lead by Alexander Hamilton; similar ideas to current day Republican party; wanted big federal government

Democratic-Republicans

led by Thomas Jefferson; similar ideas to current day Democratic Party; wanted smaller state government

Two-party system

well established by the time of Washington’s exit of office; Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists

Protective tariff:

an import tax on goods produced in Europe; this tax was meant to encourage American production

Excise tax

\: a tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution - to be levied on the manufacture of whiskey

Whisky Rebellion

Rebellion formed by corn farmers in Pennsylvania following the excise task on whisky. Farmers refused to pay taxes, beat up federal marshals, and threatened to separate themselves from the U.S. Rebellion silenced by the federal government.

Neutrality

 a statement that the United States would support neither side of the French Revolution

Edmond Genet

a young French diplomat who was sent to the US to get American support for the French Revolution

Thomas Pinckney

served as governor of South Carolina (1787–89) and as president of the state convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution. As U.S. minister to Great Britain (1792–96) and envoy extraordinary to Spain in 1795, he negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo, or Pinckney's Treaty.

Little Turtle

Native American chief of the Miami Confederacy. Defeated the U.S. in a few battles, temporarily halting the U.S. from getting land in the Ohio area. Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to defeat Miami Confederacy; Little Turtle scared into desiring peace. Native American chiefs didn’t like this and got rid of Little Turtle; allowed the U.S. to defeat the Natives in Ohio

John Jay

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, signed Jay’s Treaty to remove the British from the U.S., but still allowed fur traders to stay.

XYZ Affair

Adam faced the possibility of going into war with France due to them claiming that America violated the French-American Treaty by signing Jay’s Treaty. Adam sent a three-man delegation (Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, Charles Pinckney) in order to solve the disagreements. France only sent three low-level officials, and demanded the U.S. $250,000 to see Talleyrand. Officials were called “X, Y, and Z”.

Sectionalism

placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole

Alien and Sedition Acts

raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five years to 14 years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable, set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government

Nullification

Principle that states have the right to void any act of Congress they deem unconstitutional. Jefferson and Madison both brought forth this principle, to Kentucky and Pennsylvania respectively

Jay’s Treaty

Stated that Britain is to withdraw themselves from the Ohio area, but Britain is still allowed to continue fur trade on the U.S. side of the Canada border.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s running mate; received the same number of electoral votes as Jefferson; Democratic-repulibcan

John Marshall

loyal federalists; chief justice of the Supreme Court; decisions made by him strengthened the Supreme Court and the Federal government

Judiciary Act of 1801

increased the number of federal judges by 16; in attempt to control future judicial decisions 

Midnight judges

the judges that were appointed by Adams on the last day of his preside

Marbury vs. Madison

William Marbury (one of the midnight judges) v. James Madison (Jefferson’s secretary of state). Marbury claimed that Madison had not delivered some of the midnight judges’ official papers, and filed a lawsuit against him to make him do so. Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to make a court order asking Madison to show why Marbury could not get his official papers. Marshall ruled that Marbury had the right to receive his commissions, but Marshall also said that the Supreme Court did not have the power to make Madison hand over Marbury’s commision. \*\*JUDICIAL REVIEW IS FIRST USED

Judicial review

the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional 

Louisiana Purchase

Monroe and Robert Livingston worked out an agreement in France to buy a very large chunk of land, including Louisiana, from France for 15 million dollars. The U.S. area more than doubled after the purchase

Lewis and Clark

expedition commissioned by President Jefferson to travel overland to the Pacific Ocean; helped lay the foundation for western expansion

Sacajawea

Native American women who served as an interpreter and guide for the expedition

War of 1812:

The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida

Blockade

Napoleon’s Europe seals up its ports and prevents ships from entering or leaving

Impressment

the practice of seizing Americans at sea and “impressing” or drafting them into the British Navy

Embargo

 a ban on exporting products to other countries

William Henry Harrison

 the governor of the Indiana territory; attempted to make a deal with Native Americans to sell 3 million acres of land to the United States

Tecumseh

organized a Native American confederacy in an effort to create an autonomous Indian state and stop white settlement in the Northwest Territory 

Hartford Convention

 a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power; New England wanted to succeed from the United States to sustain foreign relations but they never succeeded

War hawk

 a group of young congressmen from the South and the West that wanted to wage war against Britain; led by Senator John C. Calhoun of Southern Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky

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Andrew Jackson

a general from Tennessee; won the Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent

signed on Christmas Eve (an armistice); fighting between United States and Britain stops

Armistice

the agreement to stop fighting

USS Constitution

fought and won all battles that it was in during war of 1812

Ell Whitney

American inventor, pioneer, mechanical engineer, and manufacturer Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin & interchangeable parts

Cotton gin:

 cotton engine; helped set up the South on a different course of development from the North; supposed to reduce slavery, but resulted in more slave labor

Interchangeable parts

parts that are identical for practical purpose; allowed broken products to be fixed without having to go to the creator of the product

Mass Production

the production of goods in large quantities; made possible through factories

Industrial Revolution:

social and economic reorganization that took place as mechanics replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed

Henry Clay

house speaker during James Madison’s presidency; helped guide a fragile Union through several critical impasses; pushed forward the American System; congressman for Kentucky

James Madison

4th president of the United States after Jefferson; wanted to united the country by presenting the American System to Congress

American System

developing transportation systems and other internal improvements; establishing a protective tariff; resurrecting the national bank (established during Washington’s administration under Hamilton’s guidance, and then much reduced in influence by Jefferson)

National Road

new road that connects Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois; construction begins in 1811

Erie Canal

stretched 363 miles; linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie; important for transportation

Tariff of 1816:

cause the price of goods to increase but the funds would help for internal improvements; proposed by President James Madison

James Monroe

 5th president of the United States; his presidency was regarded as the “Era of Good Feelings”

McCulloch vs. Maryland:

Maryland tried to levy taxes to max the National Bank fail; Chief Justice John Marshall guided the Supreme Court to a ruling that strengthened the federal government's control over the economy; court ruling supported the national government over the state governments

John Quincey Adams

Secretary of State established foreign policy guided by nationalism; believed in Native American rights; Andrew Jackson’s biggest political enemy; 6th President of United States

Nationalism

the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up claims of Oregon Territory

Monroe Doctrine

 a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

Missouri Compromise

Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state preserving sectional balance in the Senate

John Quincey Adams

6th United States President; in his time in office he eased the voting restrictions leading to more voters; political opponent of Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory)

7th president, won battle of New Oreleans, claimed to be democratic; political opponent to John Quincy Adams; implemented the spoils system

Veto Power

the power of the president to refuse to approve a bill or joint resolution and thus prevent its enactment into law; Andrew Jackson is the first president to significantly use this 

Jacksonian Democracy

\: a movement for more democracy in American government in the 1830s. Led by President Andrew Jackson, this movement championed greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation.

Democratic-Republican Party

the forerunner of today’s Democratic Party; did everything to sabotage John Quincy Adams; formed by Jacksonians 

National Republican Party

since the Democratic-Republicans name was stolen, Clay, Quincey Adams, and others formed the National Republican Party (later becomes Whig Party)

Spoils system

incoming officials throw out former appointees and replace them with their own friends; first implemented by Andrew Jackon (now used by almost all of the presidents that are elected after him)

Indian Removal Act

the federal government funded negotiation of treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west; generous to the Native Americans that were willing to move out west

Cherikee Trail of Tears

the route that the Cherokee took for their relocation; many Cherokee died along the way to their destination; the land which they ended up inhabiting is inferior to their old land

Daniel Webster

Massachuessets senator; delivered one of the greatest speeches in American history; political opponent to John C. Calhoun; argued nullification was not right; argued tariffs should remain in place

John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s vice president; political opponent to Daniel Webster

Tariff of Abominations

  a very high protective tariff that became law in the United States in May 1828; it was a bill designed to not pass Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but surprisingly, it passed.

Second Bank of the United States:

implemented to make a central bank and a unified currency; added stability to the economy

Whig Party

formed by Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster; backed ideals of the American system; wanted federal money to construct roads and canals; backed federal control of the banking system and a nationally accepted currency; political opponent to Jacksonians

Martin Van Buren

Jackson’s Vice President during his second term; wins presidential election after Jackson’s second term (8th president); 

Panic of 1837:

bank closing and the collapse of the credit system cost many people their savings, bankrupting businesses, and put more than a third of the population out of work; Jackson took money out of the Second Bank of the United States and put them into “pet banks” which caused the federal bank to go bankrupt so state banks had to print money (inflation)

William Henry Harrison:

portrayed by the Whig party as a good man; died one month after his inauguration as the 9th President of the United States

John Tyler

Harrison’s vice-president and successor; took office as President after Harrison’s death; opposed the Whig Party; only put on the ballot to win Southern’s votes

Mormons

religious and cultural group that was forced out of upstate New York and into Utah (due to religious discrimination)

Second Great Awakening:

the revivals of the broad religious movement that swept the United States after 1790

Revival

gathers of 20,000 or more people where preachers would talk; an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching and prayer

Ralph Waldo Emerson:

New England writer; led a group of people practicing transcendentalism

Transcendentalism

 a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination; David Henry Thoreau is well known transcendentalist