Geo5 Final

3 Climate Zones

frigid, temperate, torrid

Water invertebrate

500 million years, backbone

Fish

400 million years, backbone and eyes

Reptile (terrastrial)

300 million years, brain and nails

Early mammal (shrew)

65 million years, hair and glands

Primates

36 million years, thumbs and tail

Homogenous (Chimpanzee split)

2 million years, 99% DNA and tailbone

Homosapiens

200,000 years, appendix

Population of 1930 (Grandparents)

2 billion

Population of 1975

4 billion

Population of 2011

7 billion

Population of 2022

8 billion

How many earths will be needed if live like American?

5 (4 additional)

Population of California

40 million

Measles and Tuberculosis

Cattle

Flu

Pigs and ducks

HIV/AIDS

Green monkey

Epiphytes

plants that grow on plants

Orographic Precipitation

wet side and dry side

Inter tropical convergence zone

area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator

Megafauna

large animals

Paul Martin's Overkill or Munch Hypothesis

Humans went around the world, killed all megafauna (Except Africa)

Types of Megafauna in LA

Pygmy mammoth, saber tooth, grizzly bear, giant ground sloth, bison, rhino, lion

Potato

Andes

Sugar

New Guinea/Indonesia

Cacao

Andes

Tea

East Asia (China)

Shade Coffee

Ethiopia, good, maintains biodiversity

Sun Coffee

Ethiopia, bad, deforestation and fertilizer

Cotton

New World to Indus Valley

Rubber tree

Brazilian Amazon

Maize/Corn

cave in Mexico, #1 product

Wheat

US, #2 product

Rice

Southern Himalayas, feeds 2/3 Humanity, #3 product

Origin of Orange

China

Origin of Pineapple

Paraguay

#1 Cash Crop in California

Marijuana from China

California Big 5 Crops

Almond, grapes, lettuce, strawberries, lettuce, and tomatoes

California Produces

$36 billion industry, 1/3 all veggies, 2/3 all fruits

How to say hello in Tongva?

Miyiiha'

Oak

acorns are primary food source

Elderberry

richest source of Vitamin C, stem used for arrows and flutes

Laurel Sumac

mosquito repellent

Yucca (Our Lord's Candle)

leaves for water proof baskets

Cactus

edible red fruit and edible green leaf

California Coastal Sage

Burned for ceremonial reasons.

Pussy Willow

aspirin from leaves, chewed for toothaches

California Buckeye

Seeds crushed to catch fish

1891 Forest Reserve Act

created reserves on federal land

1960 Multiple Use and Sustained Use Act

1. Outdoor Recreation
2. Range land
3. Timber
4. Watershed Protection
5. Wildlife and Fish Habitat

Clear cutting

cutting down all the trees in an area at once

Land-ownership in USA

Private, non-profit - 55%
Native Americans - 3%
State, local - 7%
Federal - 35%

How many dollars lost a year in the 80's?

$1.3 billion

1964 Wilderness Act

protect national parks

National Park Service Organic Act of 1916

"leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."

3 Things define an old growth forest

1. Trees different size and age
2. Snags
3. Trees 200 to 500 years

Redwood

tallest tree (96% cut 4% left 2% private 2% federal or state)

Sequoia

Largest tree

Bristle Cone Pine

oldest tree (5000 years)

Rainforest

trees have leaves in canopy, dark

Cloud Forest

very humid with epiphytes

Elfin Forest

short forest on top of mountains because of wind

Dry Forest

Tropics of cancer and capricorn, a lot of lianas (vines)

Mangroves

salt water forests with coral reef fish

Slash and Burn

cut forest, burn trees, recycle by planting

Selective extinction

larger animals go first

Species area relationship

relationship between number of species and size of area

Biomes in California

Tundra, Boreal Forest, Temperate Grassland, Mediterranean Shrub, Hot/Cold Deserts

Biomes NOT in California

Temperate Deciduous Forest, Tropical Rainforest, Tropical Dry Forest, and Tropical Savanna

Nature Conservancy

Buys land

Sierra Club

Lobby in CA and DC

Activists (Green Peace)

Protest (tree sits, locks)

Why has population increased?

less infant mortality and people getting older

Grassland History

Evolved with humans and megafauna

Native grass

Perennial (1+ year), evergreen

Non-Native grass

Annual, dense

Buffalo 1800

68 million (25 miles long)

Buffalo 1870-1875

2.5 million killed annually

Buffalo 1883

Last herd with 10,000 killed

Buffalo 1890

Less than 1,000

Buffalo Today

200,000 exist in public and private herds

Vernal Pools

Formed in winter, dry in summer, different color rings, 200 species in vernal places, half endemic

Oak Woodlands

20 species of oak in CA, half endemic

Dutch Elm Disease

from Asia, fungi spread by beetles

Sudden Oak Death

caused by fungi, affects CA oaks

3 Coral Reef Types

Fringe reef, patch reef, and barrier reef

Fringe reef

next to shore

Patch reef

small, isolated patch

Barrier reef

far from beach

Where are Coral Reefs?

N30 to S30
65F to 91F
Clear Water
Shallow Water

Coral

animal (polyp) and plant (zooxanthellae)

Warm Currents

blue, not productive, east coast

Cold Currents

green, very productive, west coast

Kelp Forests

brown algae (cold), important habitat for aquatic species

Trophic Cascade

Food chain disrupted by removing predator

What percent of world population lives within 150 km of coast?

60%

Best type of fishing

Hook and Line

Worst type of fishing

Bottom trawling

Bycatch

catching unwanted fish and animals

Long-lining

hooks on line of buoys, ok impact