Transport in Plants and Animals Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from lecture notes on transport in plants and animals.

What is transport in biological terms?

Movement of substances from one part of an organism's body to another.

What types of substances need to be transported in organisms?

Nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.

Why do small-bodied organisms lack specialized transport systems?

They possess a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing efficient diffusion.

What are the main processes for substance exchange between cells and their environment?

Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

How do substances move within cells?

Diffusion or cytoplasmic streaming.

How do plants and animals differ in their means of transporting materials?

Plants utilize a mass flow system, while animals use muscle contraction and vascular systems.

What are the two main components of the vascular system in plants and what do they transport?

Xylem (water and mineral salts) and Phloem (organic food materials).

What are the major transport systems in animals?

Alimentary system, blood vascular system, respiratory system.

What are the primary functions of a transport system in higher plants?

Distributing nutrients, gases, and hormones, and eliminating waste products.

How do plants uptake water, solutes, and gases?

Osmosis (water), Diffusion and active transport (solutes), Diffusion (gases).

How are water and solutes transported throughout plants after uptake?

Mass flow through the xylem (water and inorganic solutes) or phloem (organic solutes).

How do plants eliminate water, solutes, and gases?

Diffusion (transpiration) through stomata/lenticels

What are the primary and other functions of the root system?

Anchorage, absorption of water and mineral salts, gaseous exchange, and storage.

What are the main parts of the root's internal structure?

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem), root hair, apical meristem and the root cap.

What is the epidermis of a root and what are its characteristics?

It consists of thin-walled, closely fitting cells, and some epidermal cells are modified to form root hairs.

What is the main function of the epidermis?

To protect the inner tissues.

What is the role of root hairs?

They increase the surface area of the root for contact with the soil.

What are the adaptations of root hairs that allow them to perform their function?

Thin cell wall, large sap vacuole, numerous mitochondria, and a thin, slender, flexible structure.

What are the functions of the cortex in the root?

Stores food and water, and provides a passage for water and mineral salts.

What is the main function of the endodermis?

It controls the amount of water and mineral salts entering the vascular bundles.

What is the function of the pericycle?

It gives rise to lateral roots in monocots, and lateral roots and cambium in dicots.

What is the role of the pith in monocot roots?

Storage and transport of water and nutrients within the plant.

What do xylem and phloem tissues transport in plants?

Xylem transports water and mineral salts, while phloem transports manufactured food.

What is the primary function of the root cap?

To protect the apical meristem.

What are the three zones of the apical meristem and their functions?

Zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation/enlargement, and zone of cell differentiation.

What are the names of the external structure of the stem

Node, inter-node and the axil

What are the two types of stems

Monocot stem and Dicot stem

What are the functions of the epidermis in the stem?

Protect inner tissue from infection and mechanical injury, and prevents excessive water loss through evaporation.

What tissues is the cortex made from?

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

What are the types of tissues and functionality found at the ground tissues

Parenchyma cells are for food and water storage, sclerenchyma are for strengthening and collenchyma also strengthening.

What is the function of the vascular bundle in transporting process?

Xylem transports water and mineral salts, while phloem transports manufactured food.

What are the major functions of the stem?

To support and expose the leaves and flowers to the environment, conduct water and mineral salts, conduct manufactured food, storage, perennation, and gaseous exchange.

How is the water absorbed into the plant

Water is absorbed through the root hairs by osmosis due to a concentration gradient.

What are the three pathways that water moves from one cell to another by osmosis?

Vacuolar, symplast and apoplast pathways

How do high temperatures affect water uptake in the plant?

High temperature causes high rate of transpiration hence high rate of water absorbtion

How does light intensity affect mineral uptake in plants?

It stimulates the opening of stomata, that increases the mass flow of water and minerals salts from roots to the leaves for photosynthesis

What are the major types of transpiration in plants?

Stomatal transpiration, Cuticular transpiration and Lenticular transpiration

What are the major components of Xylem tissue

Xylem vessels and tracheids

Why does Xylem tissue provide support

Due to heavy lignifications

Explain why Xylem needs to be lignified

Are lignified to make them strong and prevent them from collapsing

What are the parts of the internal parts of the leaf

Cuticle, Epidermis, mesophyll layer and the vascular bundles

What are the forces involved in the transportation of water and mineral salts

Root pressure, Capillarity, Cohesion and adhesion and Transpiration pull

What is the importance of Transpiration in plant

It is responsible for turgor pressure in plants, As the water evaporates, it draws latent heat of vaporization cooling the plant

What are the factors affecting Transportation?

Structural/ environmental

How does a thick cuticle affect the rate of transportation

A thick cuticle reduces the rate of transpiration

Explain how leaf shapes can increases or decreases the rate of transportation

The rate of transpiration is high in plants with broad leaves.

How does High light intensity affect the rates of photosythesis

• High light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. - Sugars formed increase osmotic pressure of guard cells.

Explain the effect of humidity of transportation activities

When humidity of atmosphere is high the rate of transpiration is low

What materials involved in transpiration experiment

Used a photometer, beaker, retort stand, water, jelly, basin, stop watch and rubber bands

Why is it important to cut of the last centimeters of the potometer stalk under water

The last few centimetres of the stalk under water to prevent any air bubbles from entering the xylem vessels

Why on a ringing Transporation process. The swelling on the upper part is due to the accumulation of translocated materials from the leaves

The swelling on the upper part is due to the accumulation of translocated materials from the leaves.

What are the organic materials transported during Translocation

Sugars, amino acids, vitamins.

Why is the blood vascular system important

To provide a rapid mass flow of materials from one part of the body to another over distances where diffusion would be slow.

What the distinct features of the vascular system?

Circulatory fluid, the blood. A contractile, pumping organ to propel the fluid around the body- a heart.

What the two distinct types of vascular systems in animals?

Open circulatory system and Closed circulatory system.

What the Open circulatory system transporting fluid mostly known as

The transporting fluid is haemolyph

Why open circulatory system ideal

Organisms requiring less energy for distribution of materials in the body, require little blood pressure, for the flow of fluid

What the closed circulaatory system mostly characterized?

Blood stays in blood vessels, Blood is pumped by the heart rapidly around the body under high pressure and back to the heart

Advantages of close circulatory system

Blood flowing through the body tissues is under high pressure. This ensures a more efficient supply of oxygen and nutrients

The types of close circulatory system

Single circulatory system and Double circulatory system

What characterizes a double circulatory system?

Blood flows to the heart twice for every complete circulation. Blood flowing through the body tissues is under high pressure

Describe the external structure of the heart

The heart is surrounded by a translucent double –layered membrane called pericardium, it prevents the heart from expanding when it is pumping blood

What's the heart main function

To pump blood under high pressure to all body parts.

What are the main functions of an auricle

Right atrium (receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues and Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

What are the function of Septum?

Separates oxygenated blood on the left to the deoxygenated blood on the heart side.

Why the heart needs valve

Prevent backflow of blood

What the importance of cardiac fibre?

Has a specialised cardiac muscle fibre in the wall of right auricle called Sino atrial node(SAN) . They initiate the heart beats, the contractions of the heart.

What the name of parts for the control of heart rate

Vagus nerve( slows down the heartbeat) and sympathetic nerve accelerates heart beat

How is the circulation of blood in the heart

The sino atrial node/pace maker generates a wave of electrical impulses, it helps travels rapidly through the walls of the atria and the two contracts in unison

What characterizes a normal period falling stage in the heart circulation cycel

Ventricular diastole, ventricular muscles relax atrio-ventricular valves or cuspid valves open atriosystol

what is use to measure Blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

Causes of coronary Thrombosis

• High amount of cholesterol due to heavy intake of fat- Heavy intake of alcoholic drinks

What Varicose veins means

It a condition in which superficial veins become swollen and flabby

what causes Hypertension?

Heavy intake of alcohol, Smoking, General body stress and Taking large quantities of salt in food

Why is lymphatic system

Collects and returns excess tissue/interstitial fluid to the blood • Launches immune responses • Lipid absorption

What is Blood

It is a tissue made of blood cells and plasma

How does the dissolved Food substance transported

The plasma; which has water food substance

What's major parts of blood that for oxygen transport

Haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen and readily combine with it to form oxyhaemoglobin

What is the structure of Monocytes

Have been shaped nucleus

What is the structure of Lynphocytes

Known as immunocytes

What main job for Blood Platelets?

Prevent excessive loss of blood after damage of blood vessels through the process of blood clotting

What factors inportant duri summary process of blood clotting process?

Prothrombin and Vitamin K

What are the 4 blood group types?

Based on the type of blood, the human population can be sorted and classified into 4- blood groups namely A, B, AB and O

What is ABO and why primary in mistmatched reactions?

The primary cause of ABO mismatched transfusion reactions results from the destruction of the donors red blood cells by the recipient’s antibodies.

It is a D- antigen on the cell membrane of the red blood cells. About 85 % of human population have the Rhesus factor and are said to positive.

Rhesus factor

How can the internal the internal tissue be sorted

It can be categorised as Phagocytosis

What is Immunity?

The ability of the body to recognize and resist infection or counter the effects of toxins produced by the antigens

Where and How are antibodies can inject

Artificial passive Injection of antibodies

What micro organism mostly caused during active Tuberculosis infection?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is an allergic reaction

It is an overreaction / hypersensitive response of the body to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body.

How are the ostia structurally adapted to function

That allows blood to flow into the heart but not out of it

What causitive agent affect during Tetanus infection?

Is caused by Clostridium tetani, neurotoxin

A. This disease causes the rash, fever, cough, runny nose and watery eyes.

Measles.

Tissue and organ transplant

Transfer of a tissue or organ from one part of the body or organism to another.